{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:25:27Z","timestamp":1790166327543,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NPRP","award":["12S-0216-190094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12S-0216-190094"]}]},{"name":"NPRP","award":["9-040-3-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9-040-3-008"]}]},{"name":"Marubeni","award":["M-QJRC-2020-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M-QJRC-2020-5"]}]},{"name":"Qatar University collaborative","award":["QUCG-CAS-23\/24-114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QUCG-CAS-23\/24-114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to use infection testing databases to rapidly estimate effectiveness of prior infection in preventing reinfection ($P{E}_S$) by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Mathematical modeling was used to demonstrate a theoretical foundation for applicability of the test-negative, case\u2013control study design to derive $P{E}_S$. Apart from the very early phase of an epidemic, the difference between the test-negative estimate for $P{E}_S$ and true value of $P{E}_S$ was minimal and became negligible as the epidemic progressed. The test-negative design provided robust estimation of $P{E}_S$ and its waning. Assuming that only 25% of prior infections are documented, misclassification of prior infection status underestimated $P{E}_S$, but the underestimate was considerable only when &amp;gt;\u200950% of the population was ever infected. Misclassification of latent infection, misclassification of current active infection, and scale-up of vaccination all resulted in negligible bias in estimated $P{E}_S$. The test-negative design was applied to national-level testing data in Qatar to estimate $P{E}_S$ for SARS-CoV-2. $P{E}_S$ against SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Beta variants was estimated at 97.0% (95% CI, 93.6-98.6) and 85.5% (95% CI, 82.4-88.1), respectively. These estimates were validated using a cohort study design. The test-negative design offers a feasible, robust method to estimate protection from prior infection in preventing reinfection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T01:39:57Z","timestamp":1701740397000},"page":"883-897","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Estimating protection afforded by prior infection in preventing reinfection: applying the test-negative study design"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Houssein H","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar University Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Tomy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar University Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, , Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Cornell University Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine\u2013Qatar, , Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Cornell University World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV\/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine\u2013Qatar, , Qatar Foundation\u2013Education City, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiam","family":"Chemaitelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine\u2013Qatar, , Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Cornell University World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV\/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine\u2013Qatar, , Qatar Foundation\u2013Education City, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Cornell University Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, , New York, NY 10065, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba N","family":"Altarawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine\u2013Qatar, , Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Cornell University World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV\/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine\u2013Qatar, , Qatar Foundation\u2013Education City, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Cornell University Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, , New York, NY 10065, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Coyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Qatar University Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, , Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Queens University Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, , Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad R","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaina","family":"Al Kanaani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Einas","family":"Al Kuwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeel A","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, , New York, NY 10065, United States"},{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Jeremijenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anvar Hassan","family":"Kaleeckal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Nizar","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riyazuddin Mohammad","family":"Shaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gheyath K","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar University Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, , Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Qatar University Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatiha M","family":"Benslimane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar University Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, , Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Qatar University Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hebah A","family":"Al Khatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar University Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi M","family":"Yassine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar University Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, , Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Qatar University Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed G","family":"Al Kuwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Care Corporation , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamad Eid","family":"Al Romaihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan F","family":"Abdul-Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar University Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H","family":"Al-Thani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullatif","family":"Al Khal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Bertollini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laith J","family":"Abu-Raddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine\u2013Qatar, , Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Cornell University World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV\/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine\u2013Qatar, , Qatar Foundation\u2013Education City, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Cornell University Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, , New York, NY 10065, United States"},{"name":"Qatar University Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2024060311362623000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1830","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1846","article-title":"Assessment of the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection in an intense reexposure setting","volume":"73","author":"Abu-Raddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"2024060311362623000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100861","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positivity protects against 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