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We used environmental-exposure mixture methodology to investigate joint effects of both exposure classes on child behavior trajectories. For 360 children from the South African Drakenstein Child Health Study, we created trajectories of Child Behavior Checklist scores (at 24, 42, and 60 months) using latent-class linear mixed effects models. Indoor air pollutants and psychosocial factors were measured during pregnancy (second trimester). After adjusting for confounding, single-exposure effects (per natural log-1 unit increase) were assessed using polytomous logistic regression models, joint effects using self-organizing maps, and principal component analysis. Three trajectories were chosen for both internalizing and externalizing problems, with \u201chigh\u201d (externalizing) or \u201cincreasing\u201d (internalizing) being the most adverse trajectories. High externalizing trajectory was associated with increased exposure to particulate matter of \u2264\u200910 microns in diameter (PM10) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.55) and self-organizing maps exposure profile most associated with smoking (OR = 2.67; 95% CI, 1.14-6.27). Medium internalizing trajectory was associated with increased emotional intimate partner violence (OR = 2.66; 95% CI, 1.17-5.57), increasing trajectory with increased benzene (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.02-1.51) and toluene (1.21; 95% CI, 1.02-1.44) and the principal component most correlated with benzene and toluene (OR = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.02-1.54). Prenatal exposure to environmental pollutants and psychosocial factors was associated with internalizing and externalizing child behavior trajectories. Understanding joint effects of adverse exposure mixtures will facilitate targeted interventions to prevent childhood psychopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of a Special Collection on Mental Health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T20:53:54Z","timestamp":1713300834000},"page":"1352-1361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Joint effects of indoor air pollution and maternal psychosocial factors during pregnancy on trajectories of early childhood psychopathology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"193","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0265-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace M","family":"Christensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology , Rollins School of Public Health, , Atlanta, GA 30322,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Emory University , Rollins School of Public Health, , Atlanta, GA 30322,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2052-1685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology , Rollins School of Public Health, , Atlanta, GA 30322,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Emory University , Rollins School of Public Health, , Atlanta, GA 30322,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health , Rollins School of Public Health, , Atlanta, GA 30322,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Emory University , Rollins School of Public Health, , Atlanta, GA 30322,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7396-5506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneesa","family":"Vanker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health , Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, , Cape Town 7700,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"University of Cape Town , Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, , Cape Town 7700,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6695-3291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie M","family":"Eick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology , Rollins School of Public Health, , Atlanta, GA 30322,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Emory University , Rollins School of Public Health, , Atlanta, GA 30322,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health , Rollins School of Public Health, , Atlanta, GA 30322,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Emory University , Rollins School of Public Health, , Atlanta, GA 30322,","place":["United 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Hospital, , Cape Town 7700,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"University of Cape Town , Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, , Cape Town 7700,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7700,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7218-7810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan J","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7700,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7925,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7700,","place":["South 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