{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T11:21:14Z","timestamp":1757589674970,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014FAPESP","award":["2017\/22300-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/22300-7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We used Poisson\u2019s linear regression to examine the association between racial bullying (RB) and the initiation of alcohol and tobacco uses after 9 months. Two cluster-randomized controlled trials were conducted in 2019 with children in grades five (girls: 50.0%; 10 years old: 82.0%; White: 36.8%; Black: 58.7%; others: 4.5%) and seven (girls: 49.5%; 12 years old: 78.1%; White: 33.2%; Black: 60.4%; others: 6.4%) from 30 public schools in the municipality of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. We restricted our analyses to 2 subsets of students in each grade: those who reported no lifetime alcohol use at baseline and those who reported no lifetime baseline tobacco use. At baseline, 16.2% of fifth and 10.7% of seventh graders reported suffering from RB in the 30 days before data collection. After 9 months, 14.9% of fifth graders started using alcohol and 2.5%, tobacco. Among seventh graders, the figures were 31.2% and 7.7%, respectively. RB predicted the initiation of use of alcohol (risk ratio [RR]\u00a0= 1.36; 95% CI, 1.07-1.70) and tobacco (RR\u00a0= 1.81; 95% CI, 1.14-2.76) among seventh graders, with race-gender differences, particularly in Black girls (alcohol: RR\u00a0= 1.45; 95% CI, 1.07-1.93; tobacco: RR\u00a0= 2.34; 95% CI, 1.31-3.99). School-based programs and policies must explicitly address issues related to racism and gender in alcohol and tobacco prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T19:03:00Z","timestamp":1713380580000},"page":"1433-1441","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Even worse for Black girls: the longitudinal association of racial bullying with the initiation of alcohol and tobacco use"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"193","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3102-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra A S","family":"Menezes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, , S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, CEP 04023-062 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7427-7956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zila M","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, , S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, CEP 04023-062 ,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo Primary Care, Health Promotion and Longevity Section, Department of Preventive Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, , S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, CEP 04023-062 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7447-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Demarzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, , S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, CEP 04023-062 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7469-1399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro F M","family":"Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, , S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, CEP 04023-062 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6405-5591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Miskolci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, , S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, CEP 04023-062 ,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo Section of Social and Human Sciences in Health, Department of Preventive Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, , S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, CEP 04023-062 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Bullying Surveillance Among Youths: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements","year":"2014","author":"Gladden","key":"2024100815264697600_ref1"},{"key":"2024100815264697600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2018.02.001","article-title":"Stigma-based bullying interventions: a systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Earnshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Review."},{"issue":"Jan-Feb 2020","key":"2024100815264697600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.101340","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in bullying: review and implications for intervention","volume":"50","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024100815264697600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-022-00197-2","article-title":"Bullying victimization due to racial, ethnic, citizenship and\/or religious status: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Sapouna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adolesc Res Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024100815264697600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000206","article-title":"Understanding experiences with bullying and bias-based bullying: what matters and for whom?","volume":"8","author":"Mulvey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Violence."},{"issue":"5","key":"2024100815264697600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.024562","article-title":"Embodiment: a conceptual glossary for epidemiology","volume":"59","author":"Krieger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health (1978)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024100815264697600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.4.668","article-title":"Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective","volume":"30","author":"Krieger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2024100815264697600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.022","article-title":"Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: challenges and the potential to advance health equity","volume":"110","author":"Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"S2","key":"2024100815264697600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13222","article-title":"Understanding how discrimination can affect health","volume":"54","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Serv Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024100815264697600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01330-6","article-title":"Racial-based bullying and substance use: a Brazilian national cross-sectional survey among students","volume":"10","author":"Menezes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities."},{"key":"2024100815264697600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112864","article-title":"Racial discrimination and child and adolescent health in longitudinal studies: a systematic review","volume":"250","author":"Cave","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024100815264697600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-022-00451-9","article-title":"Tobacco use, smoking identities and pathways into and out of smoking among young adults: a meta-ethnography","volume":"17","author":"Poole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy."},{"issue":"7","key":"2024100815264697600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000204","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: a meta-analytic review","volume":"73","author":"Benner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Psychol."},{"key":"2024100815264697600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108518","article-title":"Social vulnerabilities for substance use: stressors, socially toxic environments, and discrimination and racism","volume":"188","author":"Amaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"2024100815264697600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.896880","article-title":"Adolescent alcohol and stress exposure rewires key cortical neurocircuitry","volume":"16","author":"Sicher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024100815264697600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa170","article-title":"Alcohol and brain development in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review of the literature and advisory report of the health Council of the Netherlands","volume":"12","author":"Goede","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Nutrition."},{"year":"2021","author":"IBGE","key":"2024100815264697600_ref17"},{"key":"2024100815264697600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102838","article-title":"A systematic review of cigarette smoking trajectories in adolescents","volume":"83","author":"Ahun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024100815264697600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.09.032","article-title":"School health predictors of the school-to-prison pipeline: substance use and developmental risk and resilience factors","volume":"70","author":"Prins","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024100815264697600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-3588.2007.00447.x","article-title":"Skin colour, perception of racism and depression among adolescents in urban Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Santana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Ment Health."},{"issue":"10","key":"2024100815264697600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.06.009","article-title":"Discrimination and drinking: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"161","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2024100815264697600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579418001244","article-title":"Reports of perceived racial discrimination among African American children predict negative affect and smoking behavior in adulthood: a sensitive period hypothesis","volume":"30","author":"Gibbons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024100815264697600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14578","article-title":"Racial discrimination and alcohol use and negative drinking consequences among Black Americans: a meta-analytical review","volume":"114","author":"Desalu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"2024100815264697600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103413","article-title":"Effectiveness of a school-based substance use prevention program taught by police officers in Brazil: two cluster randomized controlled trials of the PROERD","volume":"98","author":"Sanchez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024100815264697600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-82712022270214","article-title":"Psychometric validation of the audio-guided rBVQ instrument for bullying evaluation among students","volume":"27","author":"Ferreira-Junior","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psico-USF."},{"key":"2024100815264697600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.38116\/td2657","volume-title":"Texto para Discuss\u00e3o 2657: a Desigualdade racial no Brasil nas tr\u00eas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas","author":"Osorio","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024100815264697600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/dados.2020.63.3.213","article-title":"Race class and income inequality in Brazil: a social trajectory analysis","volume":"63","author":"Salata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dados."},{"key":"2024100815264697600_ref28","volume-title":"Desigualdades Sociais Por Cor Ou Ra\u00e7a No Brasil [Social Inequalities by Color or Race in Brazil]","author":"IBGE","year":"2019","edition":"1st ed"},{"year":"2019","author":"IBGE","key":"2024100815264697600_ref29"},{"year":"2019.","author":"IPEA","key":"2024100815264697600_ref30"},{"issue":"23","key":"2024100815264697600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-77042007000200007","article-title":"Movimento negro brasileiro: alguns apontamentos hist\u00f3ricos","volume":"12","author":"Domingues","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tempo."},{"year":"2018","author":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa","key":"2024100815264697600_ref32"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024100815264697600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-759020160106","article-title":"Socioeconomic stratification criteria and classification tools in Brazil","volume":"56","author":"Kamakura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista de Administra\u00e7\u00e3o de Empresas."},{"key":"2024100815264697600_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00008","article-title":"Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research","volume":"10","author":"Greenland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024100815264697600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac126","article-title":"A proposal for capturing interaction and effect modification using DAGs","volume":"51","author":"Attia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024100815264697600_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa213","article-title":"Use of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to identify confounders in applied health research: review and recommendations","volume":"50","author":"Tennant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2024100815264697600_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac140","article-title":"Recommendations for using causal diagrams to study racial health disparities","volume":"191","author":"Howe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024100815264697600_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-546X2002000300006","article-title":"Negros de almas brancas? A ideologia do branqueamento no interior da comunidade negra em S\u00e3o Paulo, 1915-1930","volume":"24","author":"Domingues","year":"2002","journal-title":"Estudos Afro-Asi\u00e1ticos."},{"key":"2024100815264697600_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-24782005000200013","article-title":"A\u00e7\u00f5es afirmativas Para negros no Brasil: o in\u00edcio de uma repara\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica","volume":"29","author":"Domingues","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o."},{"issue":"117","key":"2024100815264697600_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-15742002000300012","article-title":"A\u00e7\u00e3o afirmativa e o combate ao racismo institucional no Brasil","volume":"117","author":"Silv\u00e9rio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cadernos de Pesquisa."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024100815264697600_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1","article-title":"Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies","volume":"20","author":"Schisterman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"5","key":"2024100815264697600_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0971-x","article-title":"Detecting treatment-subgroup interactions in clustered data with generalized linear mixed-effects model trees","volume":"50","author":"Fokkema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024100815264697600_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1515\/em-2013-0005","article-title":"A tutorial on interaction","volume":"3","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Methods."},{"issue":"9","key":"2024100815264697600_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0375-y","article-title":"Estimation of causal effect measures with the R-package stdReg","volume":"33","author":"Sj\u00f6lander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024100815264697600_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157805","article-title":"Understanding factors that shape gender attitudes in early adolescence globally: a mixed-methods systematic review","volume":"11","author":"K\u00e5gesten","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024100815264697600_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12763","article-title":"Urban middle school students\u2019 stereotypes at the intersection of sexual orientation, ethnicity, and gender","volume":"89","author":"Ghavami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"2024100815264697600_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.503846","article-title":"How racial\/ethnic diversity in urban schools shapes intergroup relations and well-being: unpacking intersectionality and multiple identities perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Ghavami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"volume-title":"Black Girls Matter: Pushed Out, Overpoliced and Underprotected","year":"2014","author":"Crenshaw","key":"2024100815264697600_ref48"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024100815264697600_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000571","article-title":"Devalued, overdisciplined, and stereotyped: an exploration of gendered racial microaggressions among black adolescent girls","volume":"69","author":"Gadson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024100815264697600_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/0042085916646610","article-title":"Black girls and school discipline: the complexities of being overrepresented and understudied","volume":"54","author":"Annamma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024100815264697600_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1353\/hsj.2016.0018","article-title":"Black female adolescents and racism in schools: experiences in a colorblind society","volume":"100","author":"Joseph","year":"2016","journal-title":"The High School Journal."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024100815264697600_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-46982014000100007","article-title":"School space interacting and prejudice: meanings of gender and race among children","volume":"30","author":"Cruz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educa\u00e7\u00e3o em Revista."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024100815264697600_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016631127","article-title":"Bullying and other forms of peer victimization in adolescence and alcohol use","volume":"18","author":"Maniglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024100815264697600_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12028","article-title":"Deconstructing adolescent ethnicity: a longitudinal analysis of ethnic-racial identity development and self-categorization","volume":"94","author":"Booth","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adolesc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2024100815264697600_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00935.x","article-title":"Racial self-categorization in adolescence: multiracial development and social pathways","volume":"77","author":"Hitlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024100815264697600_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1573-7861.2009.01124.x","article-title":"Mother\u2019s, father\u2019s, or both? Parental gender and parent-child interactions in the racial classification of adolescents","volume":"24","author":"Bratter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sociological Forum."},{"issue":"5","key":"2024100815264697600_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000187","article-title":"Parental ethnic\u2013racial socialization practices and the construction of children of color\u2019s ethnic\u2013racial identity: a research synthesis and meta-analysis","volume":"145","author":"Huguley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024100815264697600_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.2022.2130025","article-title":"Risk factors for substance use across the lifespan","volume":"184","author":"Stewart","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Genet Psychol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2024100815264697600_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-011-9388-7","article-title":"Racial discrimination and substance use: longitudinal associations and identity moderators","volume":"35","author":"Fuller-Rowell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Behav Med."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2024100815264697600_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/b:ajcp.0000040147.69287.f7","article-title":"Racial identity, parental support, and alcohol use in a sample of academically at-risk African American high school students","volume":"34","author":"Caldwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2024100815264697600_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000489","article-title":"Examining the effects of implicit and explicit racial identity on psychological distress and substance use among Black young adults","volume":"29","author":"Clifton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"10","key":"2024100815264697600_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167211410574","article-title":"Racial identification, racial discrimination, and substance use vulnerability among African American young adults","volume":"37","author":"Stock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Bull."},{"issue":"8","key":"2024100815264697600_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0605-0","article-title":"Examining the protective effect of ethnic identity on drug attitudes and use among a diverse youth population","volume":"46","author":"Zapolski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc."},{"issue":"7","key":"2024100815264697600_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2117827","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.17827","article-title":"Exploration of identity-based bullying by race\/ethnicity and other marginalized identities among adolescents","volume":"4","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024100815264697600_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-8-14","article-title":"Better science with sex and gender: facilitating the use of a sex and gender-based analysis in health research","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwae047\/58697479\/kwae047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/193\/10\/1433\/59634722\/kwae047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/193\/10\/1433\/59634722\/kwae047.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T16:18:44Z","timestamp":1728404324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/193\/10\/1433\/7646052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwae047","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9262"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-6256"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]}}}