{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:06:46Z","timestamp":1790888806703,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA009001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA009001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA258679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA258679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Ovarian cancer incidence has declined in recent decades, due in part to oral contraceptive (OC) use and tubal ligation. However, intrauterine device (IUD) use has increasingly replaced OC use. As ovarian cancer is an inflammation-related disease, we examined the association of OC use, IUD use, and tubal ligation with plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6, and soluble tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 receptor 2 in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. After adjusting for reproductive, hormonal, and lifestyle factors and mutual adjustment for other methods of contraception, there were no differences in inflammatory markers between ever and never use of each method. However, CRP levels decreased from an average of 30.4% (95% CI, \u201353.6 to 4.4) with every 5\u00a0years since initial IUD use (P-trend\u00a0=\u00a0.03), while CRP increased an average of 9.9% (95% CI, 5.7, 14.3) with every 5\u00a0years of use of OC (P-trend &amp;lt; .0001) as well as differences by body mass index and menopausal status. Our results suggest IUD use and tubal ligation are not associated with higher circulating inflammatory markers long term, although long duration of OC use may increase generalized inflammation, which may in part explain why its protective effect wanes over time.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This article is part of a Special Collection on Gynecological Cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T13:33:51Z","timestamp":1718804031000},"page":"85-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Associations between common contraceptive use and circulating inflammatory biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2083-8359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer M","family":"Mongiovi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. 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Chan School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital Channing Division of Network Medicine, , Boston, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2452-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary K","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health & Science University Division of Oncological Sciences and the Knight Cancer Institute, , Beaverton, OR,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6620-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren C","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Department of Cancer Epidemiology, , Tampa, FL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6986-7046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shelley S","family":"Tworoger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Oregon Health & Science University Division of Oncological Sciences and the Knight Cancer Institute, , Beaverton, OR,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5848-4661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn L","family":"Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. 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