{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T23:34:28Z","timestamp":1773185668282,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG079295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG079295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AG061632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AG061632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG065722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG065722"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (\u201cZ-drugs\u201d) are prescribed for insomnia but might increase the\u00a0risk of motor vehicle crash (MVC) among older adults through prolonged drowsiness and delayed reaction times. We estimated the effect of initiating Z-drug treatment on the 12-week risk of MVC in a sequential target trial emulation. After linking New Jersey driver licensing and police-reported MVC data to Medicare claims, we emulated a new target trial each week (July 1, 2007, to October 7, 2017) in which Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries were classified as Z-drug-treated or untreated at baseline and followed for an MVC. We used inverse probability of treatment and censoring-weighted pooled logistic regression models to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and risk differences with 95% bootstrap confidence limits (CLs). There were 257\u2009554 person-trials, of which 103\u2009371 were Z-drug-treated and 154\u2009183 untreated, giving rise to 976 and 1249 MVCs, respectively. The intention-to-treat RR was 1.06 (95% CL, 0.95-1.16). For the per-protocol estimand, there were 800 MVCs and 1241 MVCs among treated and untreated person-trials, respectively, suggesting a reduced MVC risk (RR, 0.83; 95% CL, 0.74-0.92) with sustained Z-drug treatment. Z-drugs should be prescribed to older patients judiciously but not withheld entirely over concerns about MVC risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This article is part of a Special Collection on Pharmacoepidemiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T09:23:52Z","timestamp":1719998632000},"page":"662-673","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics and police-reported motor vehicle crash risk among older adults: a sequential target trial emulation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1673-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R","family":"Zullo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States"},{"name":"Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States"},{"name":"Brown University School of Public Health Department of Health Services Policy and Practice, , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States"},{"name":"Center of Innovation in Long-term Services and Supports, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Providence, Rhode Island 02908, United States"},{"name":"Rhode Island Hospital Department of Pharmacy, Lifespan, , Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0604-5595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzan A","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2895-3332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa R","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3863-4127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth A","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhode Island Hospital , Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States"},{"name":"Brown University Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4899-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian R","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University Department of Neurology, , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7076-3538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison E","family":"Curry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States"},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Division of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1616-0714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas A","family":"Bayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Innovation in Long-term Services and Supports, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Providence, Rhode Island 02908, United States"},{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, , Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2196-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa R","family":"Riester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States"},{"name":"Brown University School of Public Health Department of Health Services Policy and Practice, , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7611-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina R","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States"},{"name":"Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States"},{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Prevention, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030502234240200_ref1","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030502234240200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2011.00311.x","article-title":"Benzodiazepines, opioids and driving: an overview of the experimental research","volume":"30","author":"Leung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"2025030502234240200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.04.012","article-title":"Analgesics and road traffic crashes in senior drivers: an epidemiological review and explorative meta-analysis on opioids","volume":"57","author":"Monarrez-Espino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.02.008","article-title":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) notes. Drugged driving expert panel report: a consensus protocol for assessing the potential of drugs to impair driving","volume":"59","author":"Schroeder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025030502234240200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1307972","article-title":"Zolpidem and driving impairment\u2014identifying persons at risk","volume":"369","author":"Farkas","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025030502234240200_ref6","author":"US Food and Drug Administration"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2025030502234240200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1979.tb04671.x","article-title":"Studies of clobazam and car-driving","volume":"7","author":"Biehl","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2025030502234240200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02588.x","article-title":"Driving tests with patients","volume":"18","author":"Gier","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00426462","article-title":"Psychomotor performance and real driving performance of outpatients receiving diazepam","volume":"73","author":"Gier","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"4554","key":"2025030502234240200_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7089544","article-title":"Diazepam impairs lateral position control in highway driving","volume":"217","author":"O'Hanlon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030502234240200_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000119177","article-title":"Anxiolytics' effects on the actual driving performance of patients and healthy volunteers in a standardized test: an integration of three studies","volume":"31","author":"O'Hanlon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030502234240200_ref12","first-page":"86","article-title":"Therapeutic effects and effects on actual driving performance of chronically administered buspirone and diazepam in anxious outpatients","volume":"12","author":"Laar","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1974154368","article-title":"Effects of diazepam and codeine, alone and in combination with alcohol, on simulated driving","volume":"15","author":"Linnoila","year":"1974","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030502234240200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1994.tb00329.x","article-title":"Drug and ethanol effects on the clinical test for drunkenness: single doses of ethanol, hypnotic drugs and antidepressant drugs","volume":"75","author":"Kuitunen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol."},{"issue":"12, pt 2","key":"2025030502234240200_ref15","first-page":"45","article-title":"Effects of chronically administered buspirone and diazepam on driving-related skills performance","volume":"43","author":"Moskowitz","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3B","key":"2025030502234240200_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90328-1","article-title":"Effects of long-term administration of buspirone and diazepam on driver steering control","volume":"80","author":"Smiley","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030502234240200_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1105","article-title":"The effects of acute treatment with tandospirone, diazepam, and placebo on driving performance and cognitive function in healthy volunteers","volume":"25","author":"Takahashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030502234240200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2220","article-title":"Differential effects of diazepam, tandospirone, and paroxetine on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor level under mental stress","volume":"27","author":"Tamaji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"6-7","key":"2025030502234240200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280000167","article-title":"Driving under light and dark conditions: effects of alcohol and diazepam in young and older subjects","volume":"56","author":"Vanakoski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030502234240200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1017405","article-title":"Alcohol interaction of lormetazepam, mepindolol sulphate and diazepam measured by performance on the driving simulator","volume":"17","author":"Willumeit","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030502234240200_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-009-1677-2","article-title":"Residual effects of hypnotic drugs in aging drivers submitted to simulated accident scenarios: an exploratory study","volume":"207","author":"Meskali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"key":"2025030502234240200_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1986.tb08987.x","article-title":"Aspects of driving after hypnotic therapy with particular reference to temazepam","volume":"332","author":"Schmidt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl."},{"issue":"6345","key":"2025030502234240200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6345.852","article-title":"Effect of two hypnotic drugs on actual driving performance next morning","volume":"285","author":"Betts","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2010.09.008","article-title":"Driving functions in a video simulator in chronic non-malignant pain patients using and not using codeine","volume":"15","author":"Nilsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030502234240200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-003-1462-6","article-title":"Driving ability after acute and sub-chronic administration of levocetirizine and diphenhydramine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"169","author":"Verster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030502234240200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.08.002","article-title":"The effects of the opioid pharmacotherapies methadone, LAAM and buprenorphine, alone and in combination with alcohol, on simulated driving","volume":"72","author":"Lenne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030502234240200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/25.2.224","article-title":"Differential residual effects of zaleplon and zopiclone on actual driving: a comparison with a low dose of alcohol","volume":"25","author":"Vermeeren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025030502234240200_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1272","article-title":"Next-day effects of ramelteon (8 mg), zopiclone (7.5 mg), and placebo on highway driving performance, memory functioning, psychomotor performance, and mood in healthy adult subjects","volume":"34","author":"Mets","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025030502234240200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.980","article-title":"Effects of prolonged-release melatonin, zolpidem, and their combination on psychomotor functions, memory recall, and driving skills in healthy middle aged and elderly volunteers","volume":"23","author":"Otmani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030502234240200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200212000-00007","article-title":"Residual effects of middle-of-the-night administration of zaleplon and zolpidem on driving ability, memory functions, and psychomotor performance","volume":"22","author":"Verster","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030502234240200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2075-5","article-title":"Zolpidem and zopiclone impair similarly monotonous driving performance after a single nighttime intake in aged subjects","volume":"214","author":"Bocca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0082-8","article-title":"Next-day residual effects of hypnotics in DSM-IV primary insomnia: a driving simulator study with simultaneous electroencephalogram monitoring","volume":"181","author":"Staner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050961","article-title":"Residual effect of zolpidem 10 mg and zopiclone 7.5 mg versus flunitrazepam 1 mg and placebo on driving performance and ocular saccades","volume":"143","author":"Bocca","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030502234240200_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3236-0","article-title":"Lapses of attention as outcome measure of the on-the-road driving test","volume":"231","author":"Verster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2009.00746.x","article-title":"Highway driving performance and cognitive functioning the morning after bedtime and middle-of-the-night use of gaboxadol, zopiclone and zolpidem","volume":"18","author":"Leufkens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030502234240200_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1986.tb00092.x","article-title":"The carry-over effects of triazolam compared with nitrazepam and placebo in acute emergency driving situations and in monotonous simulated driving","volume":"58","author":"Laurell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh)."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030502234240200_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2003.06.005","article-title":"Effects of after-midnight intake of zolpidem and temazepam on driving ability in women with non-organic insomnia","volume":"4","author":"Partinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"issue":"S332","key":"2025030502234240200_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1986.tb08985.x","article-title":"Hypnotics and actual driving performance","volume":"74","author":"O'Hanlon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030502234240200_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181b57b43","article-title":"Highway driving in the elderly the morning after bedtime use of hypnotics: a comparison between temazepam 20 mg, zopiclone 7.5 mg, and placebo","volume":"29","author":"Leufkens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030502234240200_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000633","article-title":"Subchronic effects of the GABA-agonist lorazepam and the 5-HT2A\/2C antagonist ritanserin on driving performance, slow wave sleep and daytime sleepiness in healthy volunteers","volume":"154","author":"Laar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)."},{"key":"2025030502234240200_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.02.009","article-title":"Naturalistic conversation improves daytime motorway driving performance under a benzodiazepine: a randomised, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"67","author":"Motak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030502234240200_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02280756","article-title":"Methods for testing impairment of driving due to drugs","volume":"43","author":"Irving","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030502234240200_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1980.tb01731.x","article-title":"The effects of clobazam and lorazepam on aspects of psychomotor performance and car handling ability","volume":"10","author":"Hindmarch","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025030502234240200_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv254","article-title":"Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available","volume":"183","author":"Hernan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030502234240200_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13063\/2327-9214.1234","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness research using observational data: active comparators to emulate target trials with inactive comparators","volume":"4","author":"Huitfeldt","year":"2016","journal-title":"EGEMS (Wash DC)."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030502234240200_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0293-4","article-title":"Target trial emulation: teaching epidemiology and beyond","volume":"32","author":"Labrecque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030502234240200_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2020-044101","article-title":"Development of the integrated New Jersey safety and health outcomes (NJ-SHO) data warehouse: catalysing advancements in injury prevention research","volume":"27","author":"Curry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inj Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025030502234240200_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280211403603","article-title":"Observational data for comparative effectiveness research: an emulation of randomised trials of statins and primary prevention of coronary heart disease","volume":"22","author":"Danaei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030502234240200_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0287-2","article-title":"The value of explicitly emulating a target trial when using real world evidence: an application to colorectal cancer screening","volume":"32","author":"Garcia-Albeniz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025030502234240200_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0597-x","article-title":"Avoidable flaws in observational analyses: an application to statins and cancer","volume":"25","author":"Dickerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025030502234240200_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1322","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010433","article-title":"Emulating a target trial of statin use and risk of dementia using cohort data","volume":"95","author":"Caniglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030502234240200_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001601","article-title":"Emulating target trials to avoid immortal time bias\u2014an application to antibiotic initiation and preterm delivery","volume":"34","author":"Caniglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030502234240200_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181ba333c","article-title":"On the distinction between interaction and effect modification","volume":"20","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025030502234240200_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.163","article-title":"Index event bias as an explanation for the paradoxes of recurrence risk research","volume":"305","author":"Dahabreh","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2025030502234240200_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.04.014","article-title":"Specifying a target trial prevents immortal time bias and other self-inflicted injuries in observational analyses","volume":"79","author":"Hernan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a663cc","article-title":"High-dimensional propensity score adjustment in studies of treatment effects using health care claims data","volume":"20","author":"Schneeweiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030502234240200_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5566","article-title":"High-dimensional propensity scores for empirical covariate selection in secondary database studies: planning, implementation, and reporting","volume":"32","author":"Rassen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025030502234240200_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr001","article-title":"Covariate selection in high-dimensional propensity score analyses of treatment effects in small samples","volume":"173","author":"Rassen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030502234240200_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn164","article-title":"Constructing inverse probability weights for marginal structural models","volume":"168","author":"Cole","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030502234240200_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.11.292","article-title":"Young driver compliance with graduated driver licensing restrictions before and after implementation of a decal provision","volume":"62","author":"Palumbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"key":"2025030502234240200_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.12.006","article-title":"Statistical implications of using moving violations to determine crash responsibility in young driver crashes","volume":"65","author":"Curry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030502234240200_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.06.014","article-title":"Graduated driver licensing for older novice drivers: critical analysis of the issues","volume":"53","author":"Curry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2025030502234240200_ref63","author":"New Jersey Department of Transportation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2007.01.013","article-title":"Culpable versus non-culpable traffic accidents; what is wrong with this picture?","volume":"38","author":"Wahlberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Safety Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.02.016","article-title":"A review of the validity of the underlying assumptions of quasi-induced exposure","volume":"42","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04410.x","article-title":"Psychotropic drugs and risk of motor vehicle accidents: a population-based case-control study","volume":"75","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025030502234240200_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-017-0445-9","article-title":"New, occasional, and frequent use of zolpidem or zopiclone (alone and in combination) and the risk of injurious road traffic crashes in older adult drivers: a population-based case-control and case-crossover study","volume":"31","author":"Nevriana","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Drugs."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.3","article-title":"Benzodiazepine-like hypnotics and the associated risk of road traffic accidents","volume":"89","author":"Orriols","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"2025030502234240200_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.12.004","article-title":"Zolpidem use and motor vehicle collisions in older drivers","volume":"20","author":"Booth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025030502234240200_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236404","article-title":"Do hypnotics increase the risk of driving accidents or near miss accidents due to hypovigilance? The effects of sex, chronic sleepiness, sleep habits and sleep pathology","volume":"15","author":"Royant-Parola","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025030502234240200_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06146-0","article-title":"Use of psychotropic medication and risk of road traffic crashes: a registry-based case-control study in Denmark, 1996-2018","volume":"239","author":"Olesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030502234240200_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e374","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00027-X","article-title":"Medications and risk of motor vehicle collision responsibility in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based case-control study","volume":"6","author":"Brubacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025030502234240200_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811221080465","article-title":"Association of benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, pregabalin, and melatonin with traffic accidents: a nationwide cohort and case-crossover study in Danish adults","volume":"36","author":"Osler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025030502234240200_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3539","article-title":"Variable selection on large case-crossover data: application to a registry-based study of prescription drugs and road traffic crashes","volume":"23","author":"Avalos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025030502234240200_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr110","article-title":"Psychotropic drugs and accidents in Scania Sweden","volume":"22","author":"Moden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030502234240200_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.03994.x","article-title":"Road traffic accidents and psychotropic medication use in the Netherlands: a case-control study","volume":"72","author":"Ravera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025030502234240200_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3455-z","article-title":"On-the-road driving performance and driving-related skills in older untreated insomnia patients and chronic users of hypnotics","volume":"231","author":"Leufkens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025030502234240200_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000366","article-title":"Prescription medicines and the risk of road traffic crashes: a French registry-based study","volume":"7","author":"Orriols","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030502234240200_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2715","article-title":"Driving performance and neurocognitive skills of long-term users of benzodiazepine anxiolytics and hypnotics","volume":"34","author":"Sluiszen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030502234240200_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13075","article-title":"Road traffic crash risk associated with benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic use after implementation of a colour-graded pictogram: a responsibility study","volume":"82","author":"Orriols","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030502234240200_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0520-x","article-title":"Prescription of zolpidem and the risk of fatal motor vehicle collisions: a population-based, case-crossover study from South Korea","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Drugs."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025030502234240200_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302723","article-title":"Sedative hypnotic medication use and the risk of motor vehicle crash","volume":"105","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025030502234240200_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022041","article-title":"Cross-sectional analysis of sleep-promoting and wake-promoting drug use on health, fatigue-related error, and near-crashes in police officers","volume":"8","author":"Ogeil","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025030502234240200_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-012-9689-3","article-title":"A comparison of pharmacoepidemiological study designs in medication use and traffic safety research","volume":"27","author":"Ravera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025030502234240200_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2012.654411","article-title":"Medical conditions, medication use, and their relationship with subsequent motor vehicle injuries: examination of the Canadian National Population Health Survey","volume":"13","author":"Vingilis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwae168\/58389382\/kwae168.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/194\/3\/662\/58389382\/kwae168.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/194\/3\/662\/58389382\/kwae168.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T02:24:12Z","timestamp":1741141452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/194\/3\/662\/7702615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwae168","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]}}}