{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:29:25Z","timestamp":1792092565109,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U50CCU422096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U50CCU422096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Air pollution may be a potential cause of congenital heart defects (CHDs), but racial disparities in this association are unexplored. We conducted a statewide population-based cohort study using North Carolina birth data from 2003 to 2015 (n\u00a0=\u00a01\u2009225\u2009285) to investigate the relationship between air pollution and CHDs (specifically pulmonary valve atresia\/stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot [TOF], and atrioventricular septal defect [AVSD]). Maternal exposure to particulate matter \u2264\u20092.5 \u03bcm in diameter (PM2.5) and ozone during weeks 3 to 9 of pregnancy were estimated using the Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s Downscaler Model. Single- and co-pollutant log-binomial models were created for the entire population and stratified by race to investigate disparities. Positive associations between PM2.5 and CHDs were observed. An increasing concentration-response association was found for PM2.5 and TOF in adjusted, co-pollutant models (quartile 4 prevalence ratio: 1.46; 95% CI, 1.06-2.03). Differences in the effect of PM2.5 on CHD prevalence were seen in some models stratified by race, although clear exposure-prevalence gradients were not evident. Positive associations were also seen in adjusted, co-pollutant models of ozone and AVSD. Study results suggest that prenatal PM2.5 and ozone exposure may increase the prevalence of certain CHDs. A consistent pattern of differences in association by race\/ethnicity was not apparent.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This article is part of a Special Collection on Environmental Epidemiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:12:13Z","timestamp":1723075933000},"page":"709-721","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Racial disparities in maternal exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy and prevalence of congenital heart defects"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4401-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olufunmilayo C","family":"Arogbokun Knutson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, Morrison Family College of Health, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, MN ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7867-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J","family":"Luben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park , NC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3508-8260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanette A","family":"Stingone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9268-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence S","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1907-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantel L","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9115-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew F","family":"Olshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC ,","place":["United 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