{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:53:43Z","timestamp":1788245623690,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AI007433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI007433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000867","name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Scholars, activists, and policymakers have long called for reparations\u2014a process of repair and restitution for harm and injustices done\u2014to descendants of enslaved Africans in the United States as a structural intervention to address historic and ongoing injustices. However, there has been very limited epidemiologic work examining reparations. We explore some of the epidemiologic benefits and challenges of using causal inference frameworks to model reparations as an example of a large-scale, structural intervention that pushes the limits of what is considered \u201cwell-defined\u201d and may violate key identification assumptions. Finally, we weigh these methodological limitations with the utility of assessing public health implications of reparations policies and conclude by discussing implications for future epidemiologic research.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This article is part of a Special Collection on Methods in Social Epidemiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:14:50Z","timestamp":1725236090000},"page":"1249-1254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Methodological approaches to structural change: epidemiology and the case for reparations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4162-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jourdyn A","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University , Philadelphia, PA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaquelyn L","family":"Jahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University , Philadelphia, PA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"The Ubuntu Center on Racism, Global Movements, and Population Health Equity, Drexel University , Philadelphia, PA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E W","family":"Himmelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin M","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard T.H. 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