{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:15:30Z","timestamp":1780492530136,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Studies in Demography & Ecology at the University of Washington; NSF CAREER"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SES-2142964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SES-2142964"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD042828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD042828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>To enumerate people experiencing homelessness in the United States, the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) mandates its designated local jurisdictions regularly conduct a crude census of this population. This Point-in-Time (PIT) body count, typically conducted on a January night by volunteers with flashlights and clipboards, is often followed by interviews with a separate convenience sample. Here, we propose employing a network-based (peer-referral) respondent-driven sampling (RDS) method to generate a representative sample of unsheltered people, accompanied by a novel method to generate a statistical estimate of the number of unsheltered people in the jurisdiction. First, we develop a power analysis for the sample size of our RDS survey to count unsheltered people experiencing homelessness. Then, we conducted 3 large-scale population-representative samples in King County, WA (Seattle metro) in 2022, 2023, and 2024. We describe the data collection and the application of our new method, comparing the 2020 PIT count (the last visual PIT count performed in King County) to the new method of 2022 and 2024 PIT counts. We conclude with a discussion and future directions.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This article is part of a Special Collection on Methods in Social Epidemiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T19:05:09Z","timestamp":1725563109000},"page":"1524-1533","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Innovating a community-driven enumeration and needs assessment of people experiencing homelessness: a network sampling approach for the HUD-mandated point-in-time count"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1967-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zack W","family":"Almquist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Sociology and Statistics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0184-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ihsan","family":"Kahveci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7680-5460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary Ashley","family":"Hazel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Kajfasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King County Regional Homelessness Authority, Seattle , WA 98104 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janelle","family":"Rothfolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King County Regional Homelessness Authority, Seattle , WA 98104 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Guilmette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King County Regional Homelessness Authority, Seattle , WA 98104 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M C","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science, Stanford University , Palo Alto, CA 94305 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Ozeryansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2120-8295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Hagopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Health Systems and Population Health and Global Health University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2025060320122726800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab104","article-title":"Invited commentary: data sources for estimating numbers of people experiencing homelessness in the United States\u2013strengths and limitations","volume":"190","author":"Roncarati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2025060320122726800_ref2","first-page":"173","volume-title":"A Case for the Case Study","author":"Snow","year":"1991"},{"key":"2025060320122726800_ref3","author":"David","year":"2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025060320122726800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306640","article-title":"The annual homeless point-in-time count: limitations and 2 different solutions","volume":"112","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025060320122726800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1346-5","article-title":"A systematic review of published respondent-driven sampling surveys collecting behavioral and biologic data","volume":"20","author":"Johnston","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"2025060320122726800_ref6","article-title":"Towards a new understanding: the California statewide study of people experiencing homelessness","author":"Kushel","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025060320122726800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0081-1750.2004.00152.x","article-title":"5. 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