{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:46:42Z","timestamp":1767905202291,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000092","name":"National Library of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant R00LM012868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant R00LM012868"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","award":["R01AA028552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA028552"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The location-based case-control design is a useful approach for studies in which the exposures of interest are aspects of the environment around the location of a health event, such as a pedestrian fatality. In this design, locations are the unit of analysis, an enumerated cohort of locations is followed through time for the health events of interest, and a case-control study of locations is nested within the cohort. Locations where events occurred (case locations) are compared with matched locations where these events did not occur (control locations). We describe the application of this design to the issue of pedestrian fatalities, using a cohort of 9\u2009612\u2009698 intersections, 17\u2009737\u2009728 road segments, and 222\u2009318 entrance\/exit ramp segments that existed in 2017 across all 384\u00a0US metropolitan statistical areas. This cohort of locations was followed up from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018, for pedestrian fatalities, using the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality Analysis Reporting System. In total, 10\u2009587 fatalities were identified as having occurred in cohort locations, and 21\u2009174 matched control locations were selected using incidence density sampling. Geographic information systems, spatially linked administrative data sets, and virtual neighborhood audits via Google Street View are underway to characterize study locations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T00:34:18Z","timestamp":1728693258000},"page":"1976-1983","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Design of a location-based case-control study of built-environment risk factors for pedestrian fatalities in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0211-7707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew G","family":"Rundle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health , New York NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen P","family":"Uong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health , New York NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6292-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael D M","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4972-431X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza W","family":"Kinsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia PA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2324-9506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Kinsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health , New York NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2613-9599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina S","family":"Lovasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health , Philadelphia PA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9092-938X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J","family":"Mooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington , Seattle WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5163-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn M","family":"Neckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Population Research Center, Columbia University , New York, NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5987-3872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James W","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health , New York NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"2025070723021813000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.17.2136","article-title":"Crosswalk markings and the risk of pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in older pedestrians","volume":"288","author":"Koepsell","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2025070723021813000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2014.04.012","article-title":"Pedestrian signalization and the risk of pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in Lima, Peru","volume":"70","author":"Quistberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev."},{"key":"2025070723021813000_ref3","volume-title":"Pedestrians: Traffic Safety Facts 2021 data (No. DOT HS 813 458)","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)","year":"; 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