{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:31:59Z","timestamp":1791966719382,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 1992, Wacholder et\u00a0al. developed a theoretical framework for case-control studies to minimize bias in control selection. They described 3 comparability principles (study base, deconfounding, and comparable accuracy) to reduce the potential for selection bias, confounding, and information bias in case-control studies. Wacholder et\u00a0al. explained how these principles apply to traditional sources of control participants for case-control studies, including population controls, hospital controls, controls from a medical practice, friend or relative controls, and deceased controls. The goal of the present article is to extend this seminal work on case-control studies by providing a modern perspective on sources of control participants. Today, there are many more potential sources of control participants s for case-control studies than there were in the 1990s. This is due to technological advances in computing power, internet access, and availability of \u201cbig data\u201d resources. These advances have vastly expanded the quantity and diversity of data available for case-control studies. We discuss control selection from electronic health records, health insurance claims databases, publicly available online data sources, and social media\u2013based data. We focus on practical considerations for unbiased control selection, emphasizing the strengths and weaknesses of each modern source of controls for case-control studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T15:25:01Z","timestamp":1732029901000},"page":"2631-2640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Modern sources of controls in case-control studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Hailey R","family":"Banack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Epidemiology and of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University , Boston, MA 02118 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5981-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert W","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montreal, QC H3A 1Y7 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, McGill University , Montreal, QC H4A 0B1 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0122-5634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael D","family":"Garber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego , San Diego, CA 92037 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute , Boston, MA 02215 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Schildcrout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN 37203 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4535-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellicott C","family":"Matthay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY 10016 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2026011400520491200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116396","article-title":"Selection of controls in case-control studies: I. 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