{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:54:06Z","timestamp":1789480446873,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Unmeasured confounding is a major concern in many epidemiologic studies that are not randomized. Negative control methods can detect and reduce confounding by leveraging the proxies of the unmeasured confounders, including negative control outcomes (NCOs) and exposures (NCEs). An NCO is presumably unaffected by the exposure of interest but would be associated with unmeasured confounders; an NCE presumably does not affect the outcome of interest but would be associated with unmeasured confounders. A recently proposed double-negative control method leverages both NCOs and NCEs for unmeasured confounding bias. To demonstrate this relatively new methodology in pharmacoepidemiologic studies, we reanalyzed data from a prior safety study of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV). The prior study compared risk of safety outcomes of individuals who received the RZV with those of unvaccinated comparators, using logistic regression with propensity score adjustment. We identified NCOs and NCEs that could be used to adjust for unmeasured confounding bias that could arise if RZV recipients are incomparable to the comparators due to unmeasured factors. The double-negative control analysis yielded relative risk estimates slightly closer to 1.0 than those reported previously, providing additional evidence of RZV safety that is less vulnerable to unmeasured confounding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T15:32:30Z","timestamp":1732289550000},"page":"2641-2649","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Using double-negative controls to adjust for healthy-user bias in a recombinant zoster vaccine safety study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3040-7250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kendrick","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital , Memphis, TN 38105 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Emerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute , Seattle, WA 98101, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea J","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute , Seattle, WA 98101, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1652-985X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce H","family":"Fireman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California , Oakland, CA 94612, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8056-3302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Institute , Marshfield, WI 54449, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6184-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Fu X","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California , Pasadena, CA 91101, United States"},{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine , Pasadena, CA 91101, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0375-0504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric S","family":"Weintraub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA 30341, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7790-8135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onchee","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute , Seattle, WA 98101, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2782-2050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California , Oakland, CA 94612, United 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