{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T02:34:30Z","timestamp":1778639670173,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health and additional federal partners","award":["U01DA041048, U01DA050989, U01DA051016, U01DA041022, U01DA051018, U01DA051037, U01DA050987, U01DA041174, U01DA041106, U01DA041117, U01DA041028, U01DA041134, U01DA050988, U01DA051039, U01DA041156, U01DA041025, U01DA041120, U01DA051038, U01DA041148, U01DA041093, U01DA041089, U24DA041123, and U24DA041147)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA041048, U01DA050989, U01DA051016, U01DA041022, U01DA051018, U01DA051037, U01DA050987, U01DA041174, U01DA041106, U01DA041117, U01DA041028, U01DA041134, U01DA050988, U01DA051039, U01DA041156, U01DA041025, U01DA041120, U01DA051038, U01DA041148, U01DA041093, U01DA041089, U24DA041123, and U24DA041147)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001348","name":"Spencer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202100287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202100287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pubertal trends, wherein adolescents today are experiencing puberty earlier than prior generations, have coincided with the expansion of the criminal legal system, which is disproportionately affecting communities of color. However, whether pubertal development and criminal legal system exposure among adolescents are interrelated is unknown. We tested whether family members\u2019 criminal legal system exposure predicted adolescents\u2019 pubertal development, whether family strain explained the relation between criminal legal system exposure and pubertal development, and whether race\/ethnicity moderated our results. We used 3 yearly waves of longitudinal data among a national sample of 9518 adolescents. Results indicated that 40% of Black, 20% of Latinx, 16% of adolescents of other races or ethnicities, and 10% of White adolescents experienced 1 or more family criminal legal system exposures. In structural equation models within a case-crossover design controlling for measured confounders and unmeasured confounders that do not change over time, including neighborhood-level socioeconomic status and crime, family criminal legal system exposure predicted adolescents\u2019 advanced pubertal development, and family strain explained this relation between family criminal legal system exposure and pubertal development. The approach to law and order in the United States has public health implications that may be perpetuating health inequities, as accelerated pubertal development can have downstream consequences across the life course.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwae457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T16:47:31Z","timestamp":1734194851000},"page":"2870-2878","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Family criminal legal system exposure and early adolescents\u2019 pubertal development: the mediating role of family strain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8625-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Del Toro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , Minneapolis, MN 55455 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8253-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Roettger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Demography, Australian National University , Canberra , ACT,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4726-6573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan B","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0144-524X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylia","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , Minneapolis, MN 55455 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6565","key":"2025101606074600200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj7777","article-title":"Assessing mass incarceration\u2019s effects on families","volume":"374","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025101606074600200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764218796995","article-title":"Interrupting intergenerational offending in the context of America\u2019s social disaster of mass imprisonment","volume":"62","author":"Roettger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025101606074600200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2020.1861364","article-title":"Racial justice requires ending the war on drugs","volume":"21","author":"Earp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Bioeth."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101606074600200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-017-0611-1","article-title":"The growth, scope, and spatial distribution of people with felony records in the United States, 1948\u20132010","volume":"54","author":"Shannon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Demography."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025101606074600200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073384","article-title":"Parental incarceration, child adversity, and child health: a strategic comparison approach","volume":"18","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101606074600200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.005","article-title":"The longitudinal associations between paternal incarceration and family well-being: implications for ethnic\/racial disparities in health","volume":"61","author":"Del Toro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1-45","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023119829332","article-title":"What percentage of Americans have ever had a family member incarcerated?: evidence from the Family History of Incarceration Survey (FamHIS)","volume":"5","author":"Enns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Socius."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-criminol-011419-041519","article-title":"The intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact","volume":"3","author":"Wildeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Criminol."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref9","volume-title":"The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences","author":"National Research Council","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000498","article-title":"Does \u201cJamal\u201d receive a harsher sentence than \u201cJames\u201d? First-name bias in the criminal sentencing of Black men","volume":"47","author":"Kenthirarajah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Law Hum Behav."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101606074600200_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036680","article-title":"Race and the fragility of the legal distinction between juveniles and adults","volume":"7","author":"Rattan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"7","key":"2025101606074600200_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000533","article-title":"The impact of early racial discrimination on illegal behavior, arrest, and incarceration among African Americans","volume":"75","author":"Gibbons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Psychol."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref13","author":"Massey","year":"1993"},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.05.012","article-title":"What does your dad do for a living? Children of prisoners and their experiences of stigma","volume":"90","author":"Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101606074600200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-2219-2","article-title":"Unmet health care needs among children exposed to parental incarceration","volume":"21","author":"Turney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12232","article-title":"Together despite the odds: explaining racial and ethnic heterogeneity in union dissolution after incarceration","volume":"58","author":"Widdowson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crim."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000687","article-title":"A family resilience agenda for understanding and responding to parental incarceration","volume":"77","author":"Arditti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Psychol."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref18","volume-title":"Collateral Costs: Incarceration\u2019s Effect on Economic Mobility","author":"Pew Charitable Trusts","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101606074600200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/lasr.12201","article-title":"Becoming \u201ccopwise\u201d: policing, culture, and the collateral consequences of street-level criminalization","volume":"50","author":"Stuart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Law Soc Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101606074600200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.2009.01139.x","article-title":"Strategic responses to the police among inner-city youth","volume":"50","author":"Weitzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sociol Q."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101606074600200_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579421001693","article-title":"The intergenerational effects of paternal incarceration on children\u2019s social and psychological well-being from early childhood to adolescence","volume":"35","author":"Del Toro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716217732011","article-title":"Paternal incarceration and children\u2019s schooling contexts: intersecting inequalities of educational opportunity","volume":"674","author":"Haskins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101606074600200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2020.08.016","article-title":"Parental incarceration and school readiness: findings from the 2016 to 2018 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health","volume":"21","author":"Testa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101107","article-title":"Parental imprisonment as a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adolescent and adult offspring: a prospective Australian birth cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Roettger","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101606074600200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22113","article-title":"Getting under the skin: physiological stress and witnessing paternal arrest in young children with incarcerated fathers","volume":"63","author":"Muentner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12402","article-title":"Next steps in puberty research: broadening the lens toward understudied populations","volume":"29","author":"Deardorff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001481","article-title":"Which comes first, puberty or identity? The longitudinal inter-relations between pubertal timing and sexual minority self-identification among early adolescents","author":"Del Toro","journal-title":"Am Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025101606074600200_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035663","article-title":"The essence of innocence: consequences of dehumanizing Black children","volume":"106","author":"Goff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2025101606074600200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001284","article-title":"Early adolescents\u2019 ethnic-racial discrimination and pubertal development: parents\u2019 ethnic-racial identities promote adolescents\u2019 resilience","volume":"79","author":"Del Toro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am Psychol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025101606074600200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000270","article-title":"Biological aging in childhood and adolescence following experiences of threat and deprivation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"146","author":"Colich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025101606074600200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-024406","article-title":"Socioeconomic disadvantage and the pace of biological aging in children","volume":"147","author":"Raffington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2663","article-title":"The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress","volume":"129","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"12","key":"2025101606074600200_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.3669","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in epigenetic age acceleration across childhood and adolescence","volume":"178","author":"Del Toro","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101606074600200_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800414564011","article-title":"C-reactive protein levels among U.S. adults exposed to parental incarceration","volume":"17","author":"Boch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.02.002","article-title":"Timing of parental incarceration and allostatic load: a developmental life course approach","volume":"43","author":"Ni\u00f1o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115273","article-title":"Incarceration exposure and epigenetic aging in neighborhood context","volume":"310","author":"Berg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101606074600200_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1375\/acri.42.3.369","article-title":"The impact of puberty on aggression\/delinquency: adolescence to young adulthood","volume":"42","author":"Najman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Criminol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101606074600200_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.10.010","article-title":"Testosterone, antisocial behavior, and social dominance in boys: pubertal development and biosocial interaction","volume":"55","author":"Rowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101606074600200_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204011427715","article-title":"The role of early pubertal development in the relationship between general strain and juvenile crime","volume":"10","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Youth Violence Juv Justice."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101606074600200_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.03.008","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in mental healthcare in youth with incarcerated parents","volume":"65","author":"Ryan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025101606074600200_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.4.505","article-title":"Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network","volume":"99","author":"Herman-Giddens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101606074600200_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1058","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3291","article-title":"Secondary sexual characteristics in boys: data from the pediatric research in office settings network","volume":"130","author":"Herman-Giddens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025101606074600200_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3313","article-title":"Understanding adolescence as a period of social\u2013affective engagement and goal flexibility","volume":"13","author":"Crone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2011.06.002","article-title":"White matter development in adolescence: the influence of puberty and implications for affective disorders","volume":"2","author":"Ladouceur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref45","author":"Neighmond","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref46","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Methodol."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.04.004","article-title":"Recruiting the ABCD sample: design considerations and procedures","volume":"32","author":"Garavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.608575","article-title":"A researcher\u2019s guide to the measurement and modeling of puberty in the ABCD Study\u00ae at baseline","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.549928","article-title":"Correspondence between perceived pubertal development and hormone levels in 9-10 year-olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study","volume":"11","author":"Herting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101606074600200_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022590818839","article-title":"Pubertal timing and adolescent adjustment and behavior: conclusions vary by rater","volume":"32","author":"Dorn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101606074600200_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000001048","article-title":"Effects of early life adversity on pubertal timing and tempo in Black and White girls: the National Growth and Health Study","volume":"84","author":"Hamlat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"2025101606074600200_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2022.03.025","article-title":"Understanding associations between race\/ethnicity, experiences of discrimination, and psychotic-like experiences in middle childhood","volume":"61","author":"Karcher","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101606074600200_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005288130494","article-title":"Relationship between specific adverse life events and psychiatric disorders","volume":"29","author":"Tiet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025101606074600200_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12602","article-title":"Commentary: the role of race\/ethnicity in a developmental science of equity and justice","volume":"87","author":"Graham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101606074600200_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000563","article-title":"Missing data: an update on the state of the art","volume":"30","author":"Enders","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol Methods."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref57","volume-title":"Mplus User\u2019s Guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101606074600200_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115853","article-title":"The case-crossover design: a method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events","volume":"133","author":"Maclure","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101606074600200_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318162afb9","article-title":"Case-crossover designs compared with dynamic follow-up designs","volume":"19","author":"Maclure","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100356","article-title":"The disaggregation of within-person and between-person effects in longitudinal models of change","volume":"62","author":"Curran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989x.7.1.83","article-title":"A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects","volume":"7","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Methods."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025101606074600200_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13817","article-title":"Editorial perspective: when is a \u2018small effect\u2019 actually large and impactful?","volume":"64","author":"Carey","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101606074600200_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1162\/DAED_a_00020","article-title":"Punishment\u2019s place: the local concentration of mass incarceration","volume":"139","author":"Sampson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Daedalus."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref64","author":"Hairston","year":"2007"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025101606074600200_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4512","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094512","article-title":"The health and development of young children who witnessed their parent\u2019s arrest prior to parental jail incarceration","volume":"18","author":"Poehlmann-Tynan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2024.101702","article-title":"Parental incarceration and health risks in a population-based study of U.S. early adolescents: results among racialized groups","volume":"27","author":"Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025101606074600200_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-024-09908-0","article-title":"Racial disparities in the relationship between parental incarceration and childhood obesity","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Popul Res Policy Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12124","article-title":"Paternal incarceration and children\u2019s risk of being charged by early adulthood: evidence from a Danish policy shock","volume":"55","author":"Wildeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crim."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101606074600200_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000167","article-title":"The role of peer arrests on the development of youths\u2019 attitudes towards the justice system","volume":"40","author":"Fine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Law Hum Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025101606074600200_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.02.021","article-title":"Unpacking racial\/ethnic disparities in emotional distress among adolescents during witnessed police stops","volume":"69","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025101606074600200_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12685","article-title":"An intersectional approach to understanding the academic and health effects of policing among urban adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Del Toro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025101606074600200_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12571","article-title":"Salience network response to changes in emotional expressions of others is heightened during early adolescence: relevance for social functioning","volume":"21","author":"Rosen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Sci."},{"key":"2025101606074600200_ref73","author":"Mayo Clinic","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwae457\/61135191\/kwae457.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/194\/10\/2870\/61135191\/kwae457.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/194\/10\/2870\/61135191\/kwae457.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T10:07:57Z","timestamp":1760609277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/194\/10\/2870\/7922918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwae457","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]}}}