{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T10:01:24Z","timestamp":1783504884489,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We examined the association between ambient air pollution exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion (SAB) using Georgia state-wide fetal death records from 2005-2014. Each SAB case was matched to four non-SAB pregnancies by maternal residential county and conception month. Daily concentrations of ten pollutants were estimated and linked to maternal residential census tracts. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) across four prenatal exposure windows (first month, weekly, cumulative weekly average over the first trimester, cumulative weekly average over the second trimester). Our dataset contained 47,649 SABs with a median gestational age of nine weeks. Carbon monoxide (CO) showed the strongest association, with an HR of 1.12 (1.05, 1.20) per 0.43 ppm increase in average first month exposure, and 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) per 0.42 ppm increase in average weekly exposure. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) also exhibited elevated HRs. Other pollutants like nitrate compounds (NO3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and organic carbon (OC) showed positive associations, while ozone (O3), PM2.5, PM10, elemental carbon (EC), and ammonium ions (NH4) were null. Early pregnancy exposure to traffic-related pollutants may increase SAB risk, highlighting potential benefits of air pollution regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaf019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T23:18:58Z","timestamp":1737847138000},"page":"60-69","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A time-to-event analysis of the association between ambient air pollution and risk of spontaneous abortion using vital records in the U.S. state of Georgia (2005-2014)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"195","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7848-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas W","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-7439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey J","family":"Gaskins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6274-6970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua L","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University , New Haven, CT ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0137-8975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyndsey A","family":"Darrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno , Reno, NV ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3027-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno , Reno, NV ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2027-8870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armistead G","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Tech University , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6316-1640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Howard H","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, GA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10285","key":"2026010804580820200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00682-6","article-title":"Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss","volume":"397","author":"Quenby","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet."},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010804580820200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700280615","article-title":"Prospective monitoring of early fetal loss and clinical spontaneous abortion among female semiconductor workers","volume":"28","author":"Eskenazi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010804580820200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.09.037","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and the risk of pregnancy loss: a prospective cohort study","volume":"109","author":"Ha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010804580820200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198807283190401","article-title":"Incidence of early loss of pregnancy","volume":"319","author":"Wilcox","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010804580820200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy025","article-title":"The psychological impact of early pregnancy loss","volume":"24","author":"Farren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"7251","key":"2026010804580820200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7251.1708","article-title":"Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study","volume":"320","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6698","key":"2026010804580820200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6698.541","article-title":"Influence of past reproductive performance on risk of spontaneous abortion","volume":"299","author":"Regan","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8187","key":"2026010804580820200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)90062-8","article-title":"Drinking during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion","volume":"316","author":"Kline","year":"1980","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010804580820200_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001077","article-title":"Socioeconomic position and the risk of spontaneous abortion: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort","volume":"2","author":"Norsker","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109970","article-title":"Maternal exposure to air pollution and the risk of low birth weight: a meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"190","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026010804580820200_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2015-103086","article-title":"Prenatal ambient air pollution exposure and the risk of stillbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence","volume":"73","author":"Siddika","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111654","article-title":"Maternal air pollution exposure increases the risk of preterm birth: evidence from the meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"202","author":"Ju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010804580820200_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8243","article-title":"Association of air Pollution and Heat Exposure with Preterm Birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth in the US: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Bekkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010804580820200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2017-0033","article-title":"Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and spontaneous abortion and stillbirth","volume":"33","author":"Grippo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Environ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010804580820200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-022-00304-w","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution and pregnancy loss: a review of recent literature","volume":"9","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131169","article-title":"Maternal exposure to PM2.5 was linked to elevated risk of stillbirth","volume":"283","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116752","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and stillbirth: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"278","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010804580820200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3458-7","article-title":"Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-023-01491-1","article-title":"Exploring the association between air pollution and spontaneous abortion through systematic review and bibliometric analysis","author":"Babu","year":"8, 2024","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.118067","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and rate of spontaneous abortion","volume":"246","author":"Wesselink","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107251","article-title":"Ambient and indoor air pollution exposure and adverse birth outcomes in Adama, Ethiopia","volume":"164","author":"Flanagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.118067","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and rate of spontaneous abortion","volume":"246","author":"Wesselink","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010804580820200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-2962-1","article-title":"Does ambient air pollutants increase the risk of fetal loss? A case\u2013control study","volume":"289","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010804580820200_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12231","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollutants and spontaneous abortion","volume":"40","author":"Moridi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010804580820200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e219","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30047-6","article-title":"Association between pregnancy loss and ambient PM2\u00b75 using survey data in Africa: a longitudinal case-control study, 1998\u20132016","volume":"3","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Planetary Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010804580820200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30268-0","article-title":"Estimation of pregnancy losses attributable to exposure to ambient fine particles in South Asia: an epidemiological case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026010804580820200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1837772","article-title":"Nitrogen dioxide exposure during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion: a case-control study in China","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026010804580820200_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900943","article-title":"Residential exposure to traffic and spontaneous abortion","volume":"117","author":"Green","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010804580820200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.06.031","article-title":"Effects of exposure to high levels of particulate air pollution during the follicular phase of the conception cycle on pregnancy outcome in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer","volume":"93","author":"Perin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026010804580820200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-010-9419-2","article-title":"Impact of short-term preconceptional exposure to particulate air pollution on treatment outcome in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF\/ET)","volume":"27","author":"Perin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.062","article-title":"Ambient PM2.5 and clinically recognized early pregnancy loss: a case-control study with spatiotemporal exposure predictions","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112653","article-title":"Association of maternal exposure to ambient particulate pollution with incident spontaneous pregnancy loss","volume":"224","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010804580820200_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120594","article-title":"Air pollution and stillbirth risk: exposure to airborne particulate matter during pregnancy is associated with fetal death","volume":"10","author":"DeFranco","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026010804580820200_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu460","article-title":"Association of stillbirth with ambient air pollution in a California cohort study","volume":"181","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref35","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010804580820200_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxz006","article-title":"Critical window variable selection: estimating the impact of air pollution on very preterm birth","volume":"21","author":"Warren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.118982","article-title":"Using land use variable information and a random forest approach to correct spatial mean bias in fused CMAQ fields for particulate and gas species","volume":"274","author":"Senthilkumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Di","year":"2024","DOI":"10.7927\/g2n9-ca10"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104909","article-title":"An ensemble-based model of PM2.5 concentration across the contiguous United States with high spatiotemporal resolution","volume":"130","author":"Di","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Di","year":"2024","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03358"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010804580820200_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b03358","article-title":"Assessing NO2 concentration and model uncertainty with high spatiotemporal resolution across the contiguous United States using ensemble model averaging","volume":"54","author":"Di","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"18","key":"2026010804580820200_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11037","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c01791","article-title":"An ensemble learning approach for estimating high spatiotemporal resolution of ground-level ozone in the contiguous United States","volume":"54","author":"Requia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Requia","year":"2024","DOI":"10.7927\/5tht-jg22"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010804580820200_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9876.2012.01056.x","article-title":"A spatial time-to-event approach for estimating associations between air pollution and preterm birth","volume":"62","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010804580820200_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu060","article-title":"Assessment of critical exposure and outcome windows in time-to-event analysis with application to air pollution and preterm birth study","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010804580820200_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5447","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-0692-9","article-title":"Acute effects of air pollution on spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, and stillbirth in Ahvaz, Iran: a time-series study","volume":"25","author":"Dastoorpoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010804580820200_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2014.1003041","article-title":"Relationships between mild PM10 and ozone urban air levels and spontaneous abortion: clues for primary prevention","volume":"25","author":"Di Ciaula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110201","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and risk of pregnancy loss among women undergoing assisted reproduction","volume":"191","author":"Gaskins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010804580820200_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.10.028","article-title":"Acute effects of air pollutants on spontaneous pregnancy loss: a case-crossover study","volume":"111","author":"Leiser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112633","article-title":"Short-term ambient nitrogen dioxide exposure is associated with increased risk of spontaneous abortion: a hospital-based study","volume":"224","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010804580820200_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000918","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and pregnancy loss","volume":"30","author":"Kioumourtzoglou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.12.001","article-title":"The impact of air pollutants on spontaneous abortion: a case\u2013control study in Tongchuan City","volume":"227","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010804580820200_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-020-01577-8","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Ahvaz, Iran: a generalized additive model","volume":"94","author":"Dastoorpoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026010804580820200_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0387-y","article-title":"Air pollution-induced missed abortion risk for pregnancies","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Sustain"},{"key":"2026010804580820200_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131802","article-title":"The correlation between chronic exposure to particulate matter and spontaneous abortion: a meta-analysis","volume":"286","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010804580820200_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1970.10667214","article-title":"Experimental human exposure to carbon monoxide","volume":"21","author":"Stewart","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010804580820200_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk027","article-title":"Conditions for bias from differential left truncation","volume":"165","author":"Howards","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026010804580820200_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4601","article-title":"Time-varying exposure to air pollution and outcomes of in vitro fertilization among couples from a fertility clinic","volume":"127","author":"Gaskins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010804580820200_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c1ea43","article-title":"The hazards of Hazard ratios","volume":"21","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwaf019\/61654994\/kwaf019.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/195\/1\/60\/61654994\/kwaf019.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/195\/1\/60\/61654994\/kwaf019.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T09:58:14Z","timestamp":1767866294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/195\/1\/60\/7984770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwaf019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]}}}