{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:29:21Z","timestamp":1776385761878,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["280537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["280537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Kidney cancer has been a suspected occupational disease in petroleum workers. Health conditions that are linked to kidney cancer may prompt termination or change of work and thereby restrict occupational exposures in high-risk individuals, creating a healthy worker survivor bias (HWSB). We examined associations between occupational exposures and kidney cancer among males in the Norwegian offshore petroleum workers cohort using a case-cohort design, with 169 incident cancers identified by linkage to national registry data (1999-2021) and a subcohort of 2090 noncases, all employed between 1965 and 1998. Relative risks (hazard ratios [HRs]) by cumulative exposure to benzene, crude oil, chlorinated degreasing agents (CDA), asbestos, welding fumes, or surface treatment (priming, painting) were estimated by weighted Cox regression. Inverse exposure-response trends suggested HWSB, reinforced by analyses of necessary components of HWSB. Bias was partly alleviated by adjustment for total employment duration and by 20-year lagging of cumulative exposure to benzene, crude oil, or CDA. Workers in surface treatment (ever vs never) showed increased HR\u00a0=\u00a02.22, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-4.72 (9 cases, only). For asbestos and welding fumes, the initial inverse trends largely remained after adjustment. In sum, we could neither confirm nor exclude an occupational impact on kidney cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaf039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T07:36:15Z","timestamp":1740641775000},"page":"81-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Occupational exposures and kidney cancer among 25\u2009000 male offshore petroleum industry workers: relative risks and healthy worker survivor bias"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"195","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6582-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nita K","family":"Shala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2083-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marit B","family":"Veier\u00f8d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1266-4061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronnie","family":"Babigumira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1645-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon A M","family":"Berge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven O","family":"Samuelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorunn","family":"Kirkeleit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0761-0728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magne","family":"Br\u00e5tveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen , Bergen ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1695-3282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa C","family":"Friesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0955-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander P","family":"Keil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8894-0301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debra T","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Qing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1964-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo S","family":"Stenehjem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0425-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom K","family":"Grimsrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30766-0_27","volume-title":"Occupational Cancers","author":"Moore","year":"2020","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref2","first-page":"961","volume-title":"Schottenfeld and Fraumeni Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention","author":"Chow","year":"2018","edition":"4th"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107425","article-title":"Risk assessment for PFOA and kidney cancer based on a pooled analysis of two studies","volume":"167","author":"Steenland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and some other chlorinated agents","volume":"106","author":"IARC","year":"2014","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"issue":"Pt D","key":"2026010804583173300_ref5","first-page":"7","article-title":"Radiation","volume":"100","author":"IARC","year":"2012","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8562303","article-title":"Epidemiologic evidence for an association between gasoline and kidney cancer","volume":"62","author":"Enterline","year":"1985","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref7","first-page":"13","article-title":"Occupational exposures in petroleum refining; crude oil and major petroleum fuels","volume":"45","author":"IARC","year":"1989","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010804583173300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.50.6.561","article-title":"Further follow up of mortality in a United Kingdom oil distribution centre cohort","volume":"50","author":"Rushton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"2026010804583173300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.93101s677","article-title":"A 39-year follow-up of the U.K. oil refinery and distribution center studies: results for kidney cancer and leukemia","volume":"101 Suppl 6","author":"Rushton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010804583173300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910610503","article-title":"International renal-cell cancer study. IV. Occupation","volume":"61","author":"Mandel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010804583173300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb56864.x","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of gasoline: a review of epidemiological evidence","volume":"837","author":"Dement","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026010804583173300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199808000-00003","article-title":"Cancer incidence among Finnish oil refinery workers, 1971-1994","volume":"40","author":"Pukkala","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010804583173300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000301","article-title":"Kidney cancer risk in oil refining in Finland: a nested case-referent study","volume":"57","author":"Anttila","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010804583173300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009127","article-title":"Risk of cancer and exposure to gasoline vapors","volume":"145","author":"Lynge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026010804583173300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2005.023796","article-title":"Update of mortality and cancer incidence in the Australian petroleum industry cohort","volume":"63","author":"Gun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010804583173300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/meg028","article-title":"Overview and characteristics of some occupational exposures and health risks on offshore oil and gas installations","volume":"47","author":"Gardner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Occup Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010804583173300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.028225","article-title":"Exposure to carcinogens for defined job categories in Norway\u2019s offshore petroleum industry, 1970 to 2005","volume":"64","author":"Steinsv\u00e5g","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010804583173300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31820a40a3","article-title":"Renal cancer risk and occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and plastics","volume":"53","author":"Karami","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010804583173300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2078","article-title":"The healthy worker effect selection of workers and work forces","volume":"13","author":"Wilcosky","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010804583173300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000217","article-title":"Evolving methods for inference in the presence of healthy worker survivor bias","volume":"26","author":"Buckley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026010804583173300_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084343","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality among petroleum industry workers and residents living in oil producing communities: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Onyije","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010804583173300_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000911","article-title":"Occupational benzene exposure and risk of kidney and bladder cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Seyyedsalehi","year":"20243","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010804583173300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02357-0","article-title":"Exposure to benzene and other hydrocarbons and risk of bladder cancer among male offshore petroleum workers","volume":"129","author":"Shala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010804583173300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2023-109139","article-title":"Benzene exposure and risk of lung cancer in the Norwegian offshore petroleum worker cohort: a prospective case-cohort study","volume":"81","author":"Babigumira","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026010804583173300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22741","article-title":"Aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of skin cancer by anatomical site in 25\u2009000 male offshore petroleum workers","volume":"60","author":"Stenehjem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026010804583173300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.108","article-title":"Benzene exposure and risk of lymphohaematopoietic cancers in 25 000 offshore oil industry workers","volume":"112","author":"Stenehjem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026010804583173300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105870","article-title":"Exposure to crystalline silica in Canadian workplaces and the risk of kidney cancer","volume":"76","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref28","first-page":"9","article-title":"Benzene","volume":"120","author":"IARC","year":"2018","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010804583173300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa107","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Norwegian offshore petroleum workers (NOPW) cohort","volume":"50","author":"Stenehjem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref30","volume-title":"Cancer in Norway 2021: Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Survival and Prevalence in Norway","author":"Cancer Registry of Norway","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026010804583173300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.10.037","article-title":"Data quality at the Cancer Registry of Norway: an overview of comparability, completeness, validity and timeliness","volume":"45","author":"Larsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref32","volume-title":"Cancer in Norway 2005: Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Survival and Prevalence in Norway","author":"Cancer Registry of Norway","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010804583173300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22965","article-title":"Harmonizing work history data in epidemiologic studies with overlapping employment records","volume":"62","author":"Stenehjem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010804583173300_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009661900674","article-title":"Exposure stratified case-cohort designs","volume":"6","author":"Borgan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lifetime Data Anal"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref35","volume-title":"Exposure to Carcinogenic Agents in The Norwegian Offshore Petroleum Industry 1970-2005","author":"Steinsv\u00e5g","year":"2005"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026010804583173300_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.030528","article-title":"Inter-rater agreement in the assessment of exposure to carcinogens in the offshore petroleum industry","volume":"64","author":"Steinsv\u00e5g","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010804583173300_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500578","article-title":"Expert assessment of exposure to carcinogens in Norway's offshore petroleum industry","volume":"18","author":"Steinsv\u00e5g","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref38","volume-title":"Supplementary Information to the Job Exposure Matrix for Benzene, Asbestos and Oil Mist\/Oil Vapour Among Norwegian Offshore Workers","author":"Br\u00e5tveit","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026010804583173300_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.L9151","article-title":"Development of a retrospective job exposure matrix for PCB-exposed workers in capacitor manufacturing","volume":"52","author":"Hopf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref40","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref41","author":"LOVDATA"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref42","author":"County Governor of Rogaland"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010804583173300_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199111000-00005","article-title":"The importance of employment status in occupational cohort mortality studies","volume":"2","author":"Steenland","year":"1991","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010804583173300_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199403000-00009","article-title":"The evolving concept of the healthy worker survivor effect","volume":"5","author":"Arrighi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010804583173300_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.03.013","article-title":"Assessing the component associations of the healthy worker survivor bias: occupational asbestos exposure and lung cancer mortality","volume":"23","author":"Naimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026010804583173300_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab108","article-title":"Lung cancer mortality and styrene exposure in the reinforced-plastics boatbuilding industry: evaluation of healthy worker survivor bias","volume":"190","author":"Bertke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010804583173300_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e029","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000029","article-title":"Occupational silica exposure and mortality from lung cancer and nonmalignant respiratory disease: G-estimation of structural nested accelerated failure time models","volume":"2","author":"Picciotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010804583173300_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177732676","article-title":"The method of path coefficients","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"1934","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"issue":"9-12","key":"2026010804583173300_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(86)90088-6","article-title":"A new approach to causal inference in mortality studies with a sustained exposure period\u2014application to control of the healthy worker survivor effect","volume":"7","author":"Robins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Math Model"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref50","first-page":"4372","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Biostatistics","author":"Robins","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010804583173300_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000042804.12056.6C","article-title":"Quantifying biases in causal models: classical confounding vs collider-stratification bias","volume":"14","author":"Greenland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026010804583173300_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx349","article-title":"Multiple imputation for incomplete data in epidemiologic studies","volume":"187","author":"Harel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref53","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponses in Surveys","author":"Rubin","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026010804583173300_ref54","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 17","author":"StataCorp","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010804583173300_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp334","article-title":"Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider","volume":"39","author":"Cole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010804583173300_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000867","article-title":"Estimating the impact of changes to occupational standards for silica exposure on lung cancer mortality","volume":"29","author":"Keil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010804583173300_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104642","article-title":"A nested case-control study of kidney cancer among refinery\/petrochemical workers","volume":"104","author":"Gamble","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026010804583173300_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/72.2.275","article-title":"A population-based case-control study of renal cell carcinoma","volume":"72","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"9612","key":"2026010804583173300_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60269-X","article-title":"Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies","volume":"371","author":"Renehan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026010804583173300_ref60","first-page":"13","article-title":"Are nonrespondents to health surveys less healthy than respondents?","volume":"18","author":"Duffy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Off Stat"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026010804583173300_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-100932","article-title":"Occupational trichloroethylene exposure and kidney cancer risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Karami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"suppl 6","key":"2026010804583173300_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.93101s6111","article-title":"Renal cell cancer and exposure to gasoline: a review","volume":"101","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026010804583173300_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.6.1014","article-title":"Occupational risk factors for renal cell carcinoma: agent-specific results from a case-controlz study in Germany. MURC Study Group. Multicenter urothelial and renal cancer study","volume":"29","author":"Pesch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Pt F","key":"2026010804583173300_ref64","first-page":"9","article-title":"Chemical agents and related occupations","volume":"100","author":"IARC","year":"2012","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026010804583173300_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.046953","article-title":"Increased risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma among upstream petroleum workers","volume":"67","author":"Kirkeleit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026010804583173300_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.10.651","article-title":"Effect of measurement error on epidemiological studies of environmental and occupational exposures","volume":"55","author":"Armstrong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwaf039\/62209419\/kwaf039.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/195\/1\/81\/62209419\/kwaf039.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/195\/1\/81\/62209419\/kwaf039.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T09:58:41Z","timestamp":1767866321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/195\/1\/81\/8046578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwaf039","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]}}}