{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:18:24Z","timestamp":1778127504373,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studies have identified genetic and epidemiologic factors associated with mammographic density (MD) phenotypes. However, MD-associated genetic variants only account for a small proportion of the total estimated heritability. Interrogating interactions between genetic and epidemiologic factors could potentially identify additional MD-associated loci, expand our understanding of the genetic basis of MD phenotypes, and clarify how epidemiologic factors modulate relationships between genetic variants and MD. We conducted six separate genome-wide, gene\u2013environment (GxE) interaction analyses, applying 2 degrees of freedom (df) and 1df interaction tests, for each of three MD phenotypes (percent density, dense area (DA), and nondense area (NDA)). The six epidemiologic factors considered were height, ever parous, parity, ever menopausal hormone therapy, ever breastfeeding, and months of breastfeeding. We included European ancestry participants from multiple studies within the Markers of Density consortium and the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (n\u00a0=\u00a04895-16\u2009218 depending on specific analyses). We identified 11 loci with genome-wide significant (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a05\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u22128) interaction tests including two novel common genetic signals interacting with parity (8p21.2) and ever breastfeeding (19p13.2) for NDA. Our results suggest that epidemiologic risk factors might influence relationships between common genetic variants and MD phenotypes at particular genomic loci.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaf067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T16:35:49Z","timestamp":1743352549000},"page":"1231-1241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interactions between genetic and epidemiological factors influencing mammographic density"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"195","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6599-2202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Austin Hammermeister","family":"Suger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health , 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6438-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health , 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cameron B","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health , 3980 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5894-7510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoqi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute , 9609 Medical Center Dr, Bethesda, MA 20892 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher G","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic , 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4351-9326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manjeet K","family":"Bolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge , 2 Worts' Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4591-1214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge , 2 Worts' Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison M","family":"Dunning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge , 2 Worts' Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7065-1237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Michailidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge , 2 Worts' Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics , 6 Iroon Avenue,2371 Ayios Dometios, Nicosia, Nicosia 2371 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Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen , Maximiliansplatz 2, Erlangen 91054 ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5077-0124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic Epidemiology Group, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA 6009 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Gago-Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology Group, Genomic Medicine Group, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, SERGAS , Traves\u00eda da Choupana S\/N, Santiago de Compostela 15706 , A 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