{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T14:05:03Z","timestamp":1787321103113,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01CE003586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01CE003586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA046620-02S1, T32DA007233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA046620-02S1, T32DA007233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Following federal regulatory changes during the COVID-19 pandemic, Rhode Island expanded methadone access for opioid treatment programs (OTPs) in March 2020. The policy, which permitted take-home dosing for patients, contrasted with longstanding restrictions on methadone. This study used patient-level OTP admission and discharge records to compare six-month retention before and after the policy change. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1248 patients newly admitted to OTPs between March 18 and June 30 of 2019 (pre-policy) and 2020 (post-policy). We used logistic regression to estimate associations with retention before and after the policy and used a machine learning approach, the heterogeneous treatment effect (HTE)-Scan, to explore heterogeneity in retention across subgroups. Overall, we found no change in retention following the policy, with an adjusted OR of 1.08 (95% CI, 0.80, 1.45) and adjusted RR of 1.03 (0.90-1.18). Using HTE-Scan, we identified two subgroups with significantly increased retention above the overall cohort: (1) patients with below high-school education and past-month arrest and (2) male, non-Hispanic white or Hispanic\/Latino patients reporting heroin or fentanyl use with past-month arrest. We identified no subgroups with significantly decreased retention. Collectively, findings suggest that expanded methadone access may benefit vulnerable populations without harming overall retention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaf092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T08:10:20Z","timestamp":1745655020000},"page":"2744-2754","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigating heterogeneous effects of an expanded methadone access policy with opioid treatment program retention: a Rhode Island population-based retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6321-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bennett","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, Department of Population Health, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University , NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noa","family":"Krawczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, Department of Population Health, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University , NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cale","family":"Basaraba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, Department of Population Health, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University , NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria A","family":"Jent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, Department of Population Health, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University , NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse L","family":"Yedinak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C","family":"Goedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Pratty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandria","family":"Macmadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A","family":"Samuels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , LA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon D L","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel B","family":"Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University , NY ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University , NY ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University , NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Cerd\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, Department of Population Health, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University , NY ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5-6","key":"2026011400531229300_ref1","first-page":"347","article-title":"Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT): a review of historical and clinical issues","volume":"67","author":"Joseph","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026011400531229300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266142","article-title":"Relative effectiveness of medications for opioid-related disorders: a systematic review and 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