{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:50:43Z","timestamp":1785894643664,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Heterogeneous treatment effect models identify Medicaid beneficiaries who benefit most from population health programs but provide limited mechanistic insight. We combined graphical structure learning with regression-based effect estimation to generate hypotheses about intervention-specific mechanisms in a program serving 6396 Medicaid managed care enrollees (2023-2025). The Peter-Clark algorithm and Greedy Equivalence Search identified conditional dependencies between baseline characteristics, intervention exposures (behavioral health therapy, n\u00a0=\u00a0434; clinical pharmacy, n\u00a0=\u00a0632; community health workers (CHWs), n\u00a0=\u00a02169; care coordination, n\u00a0=\u00a01042), and acute care outcomes. Four associations warranted investigation: behavioral health therapy was associated with reduced psychiatric admissions (risk ratio [RR], 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19-0.37; E-value, 7.6); clinical pharmacy showed a dose-dependent association with reduced costs; CHWs were associated with emergency department (ED) reduction (RR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.51-0.74; E-value, 4.5); and care coordination was associated with ED reduction among women (RR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.27-0.52; E-value, 9.1). False coverage rate correction for post-selection inference (Benjamini and Yekutieli, J Am Stat Assoc. 2005;100(469):71-81) yielded 98.44% CIs that continued to exclude the null for all reported associations. Graphical methods can complement heterogeneous treatment effect models by generating mechanistic hypotheses for confirmation through future trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This article is part of a Special Collection on Latino Health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwag089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T11:44:26Z","timestamp":1776858266000},"page":"2222-2229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Graphical structure learning identifies hypothesized mechanisms for heterogeneous treatment effects in Medicaid population health programs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"195","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0599-6332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Basu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Waymark , San Francisco, CA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, CA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parth","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waymark , San Francisco, CA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"School of Social Policy & Practice, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadiq Y","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waymark , San Francisco, CA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"School of Social Policy & Practice, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026080421263361400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.14327","article-title":"Patient-centered community health worker intervention to improve 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