{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:51:53Z","timestamp":1791348713064,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DA015035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DA015035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F32MD017452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32MD017452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32MH019960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32MH019960"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study examined how race\/ethnicity, sex\/gender, and sexual orientation intersect under interlocking systems of oppression to socially pattern depression among US adults. With cross-sectional data from the 2015-2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH; n=234\u2009722), we conducted design-weighted multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) under an intersectional framework to predict past-year and lifetime major depressive episode (MDE). With 42 intersectional groups constructed from seven race\/ethnicity, two sex\/gender, and three sexual orientation categories, we estimated age-standardized prevalence and excess\/reduced prevalence attributable to two-way or higher interaction effects. Models revealed heterogeneity across groups, with prevalence ranging from 2.9\u201327.3% (past-year) and 5.9\u201343.1% (lifetime). Approximately 12.7% (past-year) and 12.5% (lifetime) of total individual variance were attributable to between-group differences, indicating key relevance of intersectional groups in describing the population distribution of depression. Main effects indicated, on average, people who were White, women, gay\/lesbian, or bisexual had greater odds of MDE. Main effects explained most between-group variance. Interaction effects (past-year: 10.1%; lifetime: 16.5%) indicated a further source of heterogeneity around averages with groups experiencing excess\/reduced prevalence compared to main effects expectations. We extend the MAIHDA framework to calculate nationally representative estimates from complex sample survey data using design-weighted, Bayesian methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwag144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:07:37Z","timestamp":1784549257000},"page":"2668-2680","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Depression at the intersection of race\/ethnicity, sex\/gender, and sexual orientation in a nationally representative sample of US adults: a design-weighted intersectional MAIHDA"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"F Hunter","family":"McGuire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel L","family":"Beccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adolescent\/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ja Niene","family":"Peoples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International, Research Triangle Park , NC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan S","family":"Schuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAND Corporation , Arlington, VA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis E","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, MO ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026100700413709000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13385","article-title":"Functional and cognitive impairment in the first episode of depression: a systematic review","volume":"145","author":"Varghese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.141","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid substance use in major depressive disorder in community and clinical settings, 1990-2019: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"266","author":"Hunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100700413709000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13030325","article-title":"Comprehensive meta-analysis of excess mortality in depression in the general community versus patients with specific illnesses","volume":"171","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.02.053","article-title":"Estimating the risk of suicide associated with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"137","author":"Moitra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100700413709000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-021-01019-4","article-title":"The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2010 and 2018)","volume":"39","author":"Greenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics."},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref6","volume-title":"Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56)","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2021"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026100700413709000_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.23.3095","article-title":"The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)","volume":"289","author":"Kessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100700413709000_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602","article-title":"Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States","volume":"75","author":"Hasin","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100700413709000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.047225","article-title":"Prevalence of depression by race\/ethnicity: findings from the National Health and nutrition examination survey III","volume":"95","author":"Riolo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100700413709000_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny159","article-title":"Depression among older adults in the United States by disaggregated race and ethnicity","volume":"59","author":"Hooker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026100700413709000_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.03.017","article-title":"The epidemiology of major depression and ethnicity in the United States","volume":"44","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100700413709000_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.7.979","article-title":"The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"151","author":"Blazer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100700413709000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.3.305","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: results from the National Survey of American life","volume":"64","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100700413709000_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291704003514","article-title":"Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Breslau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2026100700413709000_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(93)90026-g","article-title":"Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. I: lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence","volume":"29","author":"Kessler","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100700413709000_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0327(02)00426-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of women and depression","volume":"74","author":"Kessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026100700413709000_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.07.014","article-title":"Depression in the United States and Japan: gender, marital status, and SES patterns","volume":"61","author":"Inaba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med 1982"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100700413709000_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000102","article-title":"Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms","volume":"143","author":"Salk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100700413709000_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-015-0515-3","article-title":"Depression and sexual orientation during young adulthood: diversity among sexual minority subgroups and the role of gender nonconformity","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100700413709000_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2018.0207","article-title":"Disparities by sexual orientation persist for major depressive episode and substance abuse or dependence: findings from a National Probability Study of adults in the United States","volume":"6","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2019","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"23-24","key":"2026100700413709000_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13286","article-title":"The relationship between sexual orientation and depression in a national population sample","volume":"25","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100700413709000_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.152942","article-title":"Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States","volume":"100","author":"Bostwick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100700413709000_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac173","article-title":"Sex and gender multidimensionality in epidemiologic research","volume":"192","author":"Bauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100700413709000_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122419848723","article-title":"Structural sexism and health in the United States: a new perspective on health inequality and the gender system","volume":"84","author":"Homan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"10077","key":"2026100700413709000_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100700413709000_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000068","article-title":"Structural stigma and health inequalities: research evidence and implications for psychological science","volume":"71","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100700413709000_ref27","article-title":"Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics","volume":"1989","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1989","journal-title":"Univ Chic Leg Forum"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026100700413709000_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039","article-title":"Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color","volume":"43","author":"Crenshaw","year":"1991","journal-title":"Stanford Law Rev"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref29","volume-title":"Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment","author":"Collins","year":"1990","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026100700413709000_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300750","article-title":"The problem with the phrase women and minorities: intersectionality\u2014an important theoretical framework for public health","volume":"102","author":"Bowleg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100700413709000_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-008-9400-z","article-title":"When black + lesbian + woman \u2260 black lesbian woman: the methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research","volume":"59","author":"Bowleg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1215\/9781478007098","volume-title":"Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory","author":"Collins","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2017.08.005","article-title":"The tyranny of the averages and the indiscriminate use of risk factors in public health: the case of coronary heart disease","volume":"3","author":"Merlo","year":"2017","journal-title":"SSM - Popul Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100700413709000_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1086\/426800","article-title":"The complexity of intersectionality","volume":"30","author":"McCall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Signs J Women Cult Soc"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100798","article-title":"Intersectionality in quantitative research: a systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods","volume":"14","author":"Bauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM - Popul Health"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref36","volume-title":"Innovative Approaches to Investigating Social Determinants of Health - Social Networks, Environmental Effects and Intersectionality","author":"Evans","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.11.011","article-title":"A multilevel approach to modeling health inequalities at the intersection of multiple social identities","volume":"203","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"203","key":"2026100700413709000_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.12.026","article-title":"Multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) within an intersectional framework","volume":"203","author":"Merlo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100700413709000_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000377","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric disorders at the intersection of race and sexual orientation: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey of alcohol and related conditions-III","volume":"87","author":"Rodriguez-Seijas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100700413709000_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.8.606","article-title":"Preterm birth among African American and white women: a multilevel analysis of socioeconomic characteristics and cigarette smoking","volume":"57","author":"Ahern","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026100700413709000_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.8.550","article-title":"Multilevel analytical approaches in social epidemiology: measures of health variation compared with traditional measures of association","volume":"57","author":"Merlo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.05.006","article-title":"General and specific contextual effects in multilevel regression analyses and their paradoxical relationship: a conceptual tutorial","volume":"5","author":"Merlo","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSM - Popul Health"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2019.102145","article-title":"A simple multilevel approach for analysing geographical inequalities in public health reports: the case of municipality differences in obesity","volume":"58","author":"Merlo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S247368","article-title":"Geographical and sociodemographic differences in discontinuation of medication for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - a cross-classified multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA)","volume":"Volume 12","author":"Khalaf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100700413709000_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12932","article-title":"Multilevel modelling for measuring interaction of effects between multiple categorical variables: an illustrative application using risk factors for preeclampsia","volume":"37","author":"Rodriguez-Lopez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100700413709000_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu108","article-title":"Invited commentary: multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity-a fundamental critique of the current probabilistic risk factor epidemiology","volume":"180","author":"Merlo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100700413709000_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.029454","article-title":"A brief conceptual tutorial of multilevel analysis in social epidemiology: using measures of clustering in multilevel logistic regression to investigate contextual phenomena","volume":"60","author":"Merlo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100700413709000_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000749","article-title":"Understanding the complexity of socioeconomic disparities in type 2 diabetes risk: a study of 4.3 million people in Sweden","volume":"7","author":"Wemrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101032","article-title":"Quantitative methods for descriptive intersectional analysis with binary health outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Mahendran","year":"2022","journal-title":"SSM - Popul Health."},{"issue":"220","key":"2026100700413709000_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.10.019","article-title":"Intersectionality and depression in adolescence and early adulthood: a MAIHDA analysis of the national longitudinal study of adolescent to adult health, 1995-2008","volume":"220","author":"Evans","year":"1982","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100700413709000_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2019.1626002","article-title":"Intersectional inequalities and the U.S. opioid crisis: challenging dominant narratives and revealing heterogeneities","volume":"30","author":"Persmark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026100700413709000_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.2295","article-title":"Intersectional prevalence of suicide ideation, plan, and attempt based on gender, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, and rurality","volume":"80","author":"Forrest","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry Published online July"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105066","article-title":"Disparities in adverse childhood experiences by race\/ethnicity, gender, and economic status: intersectional analysis of a nationally representative sample","volume":"117","author":"Mersky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref54","volume-title":"Elementary Survey Sampling","author":"Scheaffer","year":"2011"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"2026100700413709000_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i49","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv097.190","article-title":"Discriminatory accuracy of a random effect in multilevel logistic regression","volume":"44","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref56","volume-title":"National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref58","author":"Jones","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref59","volume-title":"Brookings","author":"Frey","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.03.005","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Sweden: an intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy","volume":"4","author":"Axelsson Fisk","year":"2018","journal-title":"SSM - Popul Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100700413709000_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328031US0104_02","article-title":"Partitioning variation in multilevel models","volume":"1","author":"Goldstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Underst Stat"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429029608","volume-title":"Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course with Examples in R and Stan","author":"McElreath","year":"2020","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100700413709000_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1214\/18-BA1143","article-title":"Bayesian estimation under informative sampling with Unattenuated dependence","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bayesian Anal"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref64","author":"Hornby"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref65","author":"Williams","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref66","author":"Gao"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref67","author":"Savitsky"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100700413709000_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-018-1247-y","article-title":"Depression and victimization in a community sample of bisexual and lesbian women: an intersectional approach","volume":"48","author":"Bostwick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100700413709000_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/19359705.2013.828343","article-title":"Resilience in black lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals: a critical review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Follins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gay Lesbian Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100700413709000_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1300\/J155v07n04_06","article-title":"Triple jeopardy and beyond: multiple minority stress and resilience among black lesbians","volume":"7","author":"Bowleg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Lesbian Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100700413709000_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.169094","article-title":"Social support and protection from depression: systematic review of current findings in Western countries","volume":"209","author":"Gari\u00e9py","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"281","key":"2026100700413709000_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114092","article-title":"Eating-related pathology at the intersection of gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, and weight status: an intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) of the growing up today study cohorts","volume":"281","author":"Beccia","year":"1982","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.11.036","article-title":"Adding interactions to models of intersectional health inequalities: comparing multilevel and conventional methods","volume":"221","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref74","volume-title":"Minority Stress and Lesbian Women","author":"Brooks","year":"1981"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026100700413709000_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","article-title":"Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence","volume":"129","author":"Meyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100700413709000_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.18.080192.000311","article-title":"Social stress: theory and research","volume":"18","author":"Aneshensel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100700413709000_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120505","article-title":"RACE AND ETHNICITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH: models to explain health disparities","volume":"34","author":"Dressler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rev Anthropol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100700413709000_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.4.668","article-title":"Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective","volume":"30","author":"Krieger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"281","key":"2026100700413709000_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114085","article-title":"Evaluating hypothesized explanations for the black-white depression paradox: a critical review of the extant evidence","volume":"281","author":"Pamplin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100700413709000_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.27.2.393","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in mental health care: evidence and policy implications","volume":"27","author":"McGuire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Aff Proj Hope"},{"key":"2026100700413709000_ref81","article-title":"Fair society, healthy lives: the Marmot review","author":"Marmot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Institute of Health Equity"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwag144\/69549391\/kwag144.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/195\/10\/2668\/69549391\/kwag144.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/195\/10\/2668\/69549391\/kwag144.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:42:27Z","timestamp":1791348147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/195\/10\/2668\/8738064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwag144","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]}}}