{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:55:52Z","timestamp":1790700952482,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","funder":[{"name":"the National Institute on Aging","award":["NIA U01AG009740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIA U01AG009740"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health","award":["ZIA MD000020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA MD000020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0493hgw16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health","award":["ZIA MD000019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA MD000019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0493hgw16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite the association between lower perceived neighborhood social cohesion (PNSC) and higher risk of hypertension, there is limited research on this relationship. This population-based study examined the association between PNSC and incident hypertension among a nationally representative population of older adults across racial and\/or ethnic groups and sex. Data were obtained from 2998 US older adult participants (mean age\u00a0=\u00a062.5\u00a0years, SD\u00a0=\u00a08.12) from the Health and Retirement Study. Normotensive participants at baseline (2006 or 2008) were assessed for hypertension incidence at 4- and 8-year follow-up visits. PNSC was classified into tertiles. Weighted Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the association between PNSC and incident hypertension. Two-way and three-way interaction terms were included in models adjusted for model-specific covariates (sex, racial and\/or ethnic group, education, body mass index, alcohol use, cigarette smoking status). Analyses were then stratified by racial and\/or ethnic group and sex. Overall, 40.5% of the study population developed hypertension. Low PNSC (vs high) was associated with increased hypertension risk (HR\u00a0=\u00a01.22, 95% CI, 1.08-1.37). This association was the strongest among Black adults (HR\u00a0=\u00a02.28, 95% CI, 1.23-4.25) and Black females (HR\u00a0=\u00a03.40, 95% CI, 1.34-8.62), though the interaction terms were not statistically significant (P values for interaction\u00a0&amp;gt;\u00a0.05). Individuals perceiving low neighborhood social cohesion may have increased hypertension risk, particularly among Black females. Future studies could test potential mechanisms that explain this association and implement community-based interventions promoting cohesive communities as a potential strategy to reduce disparities in hypertension risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwag210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T03:39:40Z","timestamp":1788147580000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The association between perceived neighborhood social cohesion and incident hypertension among older adults in the US Health and Retirement Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Roma","family":"Dhingra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4920-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosuke","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany M","family":"Powell-Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Cardiovascular Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3097-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allana T","family":"Forde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026092911583002900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e347","DOI":"10.1161\/cir.0000000000001209","article-title":"2024 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association","volume":"149","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"47","key":"2026092911583002900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000002160","article-title":"High blood pressure and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortalities in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092911583002900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.121.17570","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in the United States, 2013 to 2018","volume":"78","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911583002900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000536505","article-title":"Genetic variants associated with hypertension risk: progress and implications","volume":"12","author":"Curtis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pulse (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092911583002900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.017178","article-title":"Food groups and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"8","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911583002900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s44294-025-00072-0","article-title":"A systematic review of the relationship between neighborhood stressors, discrimination, and cardiometabolic outcomes during pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Dhingra","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Womens Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026092911583002900_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv296","article-title":"Neighborhood environments and incident hypertension in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"183","author":"Kaiser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092911583002900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.123.22571","article-title":"Impact of social determinants of health on hypertension outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"81","author":"Metlock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092911583002900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.121.319811","article-title":"Social determinants of cardiovascular disease","volume":"130","author":"Powell-Wiley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911583002900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.51201","article-title":"Association of neighborhood racial and ethnic composition and historical redlining with built environment indicators derived from street view images in the US","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092911583002900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820701717169","article-title":"Impacts of violent crime and neighborhood structure on trusting your neighbors","volume":"24","author":"Garcia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Justice Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092911583002900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030452","article-title":"The relationship between social cohesion and urban green space: an avenue for health promotion","volume":"16","author":"Jennings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026092911583002900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100552","article-title":"Relation between neighborhood socio-economic characteristics and social cohesion, social control, and collective efficacy: findings from the Boston Neighborhood Study","volume":"10","author":"Pabayo","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092911583002900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2022.57","article-title":"The effects of neighbourhood social cohesion on preventing depression and anxiety among adolescents and young adults: rapid review","volume":"8","author":"Breedvelt","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911583002900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x","article-title":"Neighborhoods and health","volume":"1186","author":"Diez Roux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026092911583002900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.001","article-title":"Double-jeopardy: the joint impact of neighborhood disadvantage and low social cohesion on cumulative risk of disease among African American men and women in the Jackson Heart Study","volume":"153","author":"Barber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026092911583002900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.122.025923","article-title":"Effect of social environments on cardiovascular disease in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2026092911583002900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.11.009","article-title":"Neighborhood characteristics and ideal cardiovascular health among Black adults: results from the Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular (MECA) Center for Health Equity","volume":"65","author":"Islam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026092911583002900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.12.025","article-title":"Neighborhood cohesion, neighborhood disorder, and cardiometabolic risk","volume":"198","author":"Robinette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911583002900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13572-4","article-title":"Neighborhood social cohesion and serious psychological distress among Asian, Black, Hispanic\/Latinx, and White adults in the United States: a cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Gullett","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092911583002900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-015-0308-8","article-title":"Neighborhood social cohesion and prevalence of hypertension and diabetes in a South Asian population","volume":"18","author":"Lagisetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026092911583002900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181772cb2","article-title":"Neighborhood characteristics and hypertension","volume":"19","author":"Mujahid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092911583002900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-023-08051-4","article-title":"Modern day consequences of historic redlining: finding a path forward","volume":"38","author":"Egede","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"2026092911583002900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643221103359","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between neighborhood environment and physical activity among middle-aged and older adults","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092911583002900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36207","article-title":"Neighborhood factors, individual stressors, and cardiovascular health among Black and White adults in the US: the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study","volume":"6","author":"Hines","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092911583002900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863x221136163","article-title":"Neighborhood characteristics and arterial stiffness among Black adults\u2013results from the Jackson Heart Study and Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular Center for Health Equity","volume":"28","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911583002900_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798412469227","article-title":"The effects of general social support and social support for racial discrimination on African American women\u2019s well-being","volume":"40","author":"Seawell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Black Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092911583002900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu067","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS)","volume":"43","author":"Sonnega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092911583002900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbn041","article-title":"Neighborhood-level cohesion and disorder: measurement and validation in two older adult urban populations","volume":"64","author":"Cagney","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911583002900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20112-9","article-title":"Neighborhood social cohesion and physical disorder in relation to social isolation in older adults: racial and ethnic differences","volume":"24","author":"Qin","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911583002900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1496-z","article-title":"Neighborhood social cohesion associates with loneliness differently among older people according to subjective social status","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092911583002900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102150","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis modulation of glucocorticoids in the cardiovascular system","volume":"18","author":"Burford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092911583002900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.08.005","article-title":"Loneliness and cortisol: momentary, day-to-day, and trait associations","volume":"35","author":"Doane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2026092911583002900_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105988","article-title":"Positive social factors prospectively predict younger epigenetic age: findings from the Health and Retirement Study","volume":"148","author":"Hillmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092911583002900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20796","article-title":"Methylation-based biological age and hypertension prevalence and incidence","volume":"80","author":"Kresovich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026092911583002900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.12.021","article-title":"The pathways from perceived discrimination to self-rated health: an investigation of the roles of distrust, social capital, and health behaviors","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092911583002900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50068-7","article-title":"Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health","volume":"116","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092911583002900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20392","article-title":"Latino family mental health: exploring the role of discrimination and familismo","volume":"38","author":"Ay\u00f3n","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092911583002900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq098","article-title":"Do neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and low social cohesion predict coronary calcification?: the CARDIA study","volume":"172","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026092911583002900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.10.008","article-title":"Neighborhood social cohesion is associated with lower levels of interleukin-6 in African American women","volume":"76","author":"Neergheen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2026092911583002900_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.03.018","article-title":"Perceived neighborhood problems are associated with shorter telomere length in African American women","volume":"69","author":"Gebreab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2026092911583002900_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.107050","article-title":"Circulating cytokines and risk of developing hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"200","author":"Caiazzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092911583002900_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.03.205","article-title":"The relationship between mean telomere length and blood pressure: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092911583002900_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3138\/jcfs.25.3.297","article-title":"Fictive kinship relations in black extended families","volume":"25","author":"Chatters","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Comp Fam Stud"},{"key":"2026092911583002900_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.02.002","article-title":"Length of residence and social integration: the contingent effects of neighborhood poverty","volume":"21","author":"Keene","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2026092911583002900_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.022","article-title":"Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: challenges and the potential to advance health equity","volume":"110","author":"Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092911583002900_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hcq.0000000000000124","article-title":"Neighborhoods and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"17","author":"Kershaw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwag210\/70877265\/kwag210.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwag210\/70877265\/kwag210.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:58:39Z","timestamp":1790697519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwag210\/8776202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":47,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwag210","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"article-number":"kwag210"}}