{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:56:14Z","timestamp":1792169774053,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI158884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI158884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI158884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI158884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Serology is increasingly used to monitor infection transmission and disease elimination. Embedding dried blood spot collection in trachoma surveys allows transmission intensity inference through population-level seroconversion rate (SCR) estimation, but no formal assessment of required sample size has been published. Using serology data from 40 trachoma prevalence surveys, we estimated seroprevalence intracluster correlation coefficient, a key design parameter, and assessed survey design considerations for incorporating serological monitoring. Design scenarios focused on proposed operational SCR thresholds (2.2 [no action needed] and 4.5 [action needed] per 100 child years) for interpretation of serological data in low-transmission and post-elimination settings. We evaluated SCR estimation in 42 2-stage designs by calculating precision (CI width around an SCR value) and power (the measure of deviation of suggested thresholds to the SCR value). When the SCR is\u00a0\u22641.5 and\u00a0&amp;gt;5.7 per 100 person-years, sample sizes between 300 and 2000 allowed good precision of SCR estimation. We anticipate a standard prevalence survey with 30 clusters and 30 households per cluster should provide\u00a0\u226580% power to determine that an SCR\u00a0\u2264\u00a01.2 falls below a 2.2 threshold and SCR\u00a0\u2265\u00a05.7 falls above a 4.5 threshold. Our results support collection of serological data via the recommended survey design for trachoma surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwag245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:01:23Z","timestamp":1790769683000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design considerations for incorporating serological monitoring into trachoma prevalence surveys"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4285-2255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Everlyn","family":"Kamau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Gass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health , Atlanta ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Harding-Esch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Idal\u00ed Saboy\u00e1","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, Control, and Elimination of Communicable Diseases, Pan American Health Organization , Washington DC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3416-0817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pearl Anne","family":"Ante-Testard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Kello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa , Brazzaville ,","place":["Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin L","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Fornace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore , Singapore ,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony W","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Department, World Health Organization , Geneva ,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5741-8537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott D","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center , Atlanta ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin F","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026101612413425100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00359-5","article-title":"Trachoma","volume":"8","author":"Solomon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trachoma Nat Rev Dis 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