{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T02:40:48Z","timestamp":1792377648691,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We present a novel application of the self-controlled case series (SCCS) method for estimating the effectiveness and waning of the third dose of COVID-19 monovalent vaccine in France. We used data on individuals hospitalized for COVID-19 between September 2021 and February 2022 from the Syst\u00e8me National des Donn\u00e9es de Sant\u00e9. Only cases having received a third dose of COVID-19 vaccine prior to or on the day of hospitalization were included in the analysis. We developed a new self-controlled case series (SCCS) model including only time post-dose 3 vaccination, with reference period 24-65\u00a0days post-vaccination to capture maximum vaccine protection. Time was split into short-term and long-term post-vaccination risk periods, including days 4-9 corresponding to minimum protection, and successive 7-day windows from day 66 post-vaccination. The model included 2 exposure variables, representing short-term and long-term effects of vaccination. The analysis confirms the relative effectiveness of the third-dose COVID-19 vaccination, the waning of vaccine immunity though of limited extent, and possible effect modification related to virus strain, vaccine, vaccination history, age, and sex. The strengths and weaknesses of this approach are discussed. Suitably applied, the SCCS method may provide a useful method of analysis of vaccine effectiveness that automatically controls for time-invariant confounders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwag250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:46:55Z","timestamp":1790941615000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimation of the relative effectiveness and waning of the monovalent third dose of COVID-19 vaccine against hospital admission in France: a novel self-controlled case series analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Botton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPI-PHARE, Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products, French National Health Insurance , 143-147 Bd Anatole France, Saint-Denis 93285 ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Clinical Epidemiology and Pharmacoepidemiology Team, INSERM U1018, Paris-Saclay University, Versailles-Saint Quentin University , Paris ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonas","family":"Ghebremichael-Weldeselassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, \u00a0 Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Warwick Applied Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mounia N","family":"Hocine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers , 292, rue Saint Martin, Paris 75003 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7148-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paddy","family":"Farrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, \u00a0 Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"41","key":"2026101822164111800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.41.2100920","article-title":"Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection with the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant: second interim results of a living systematic review and meta-analysis, 1 January to August 25, 2021","volume":"26","author":"Harder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro 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