{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:10:06Z","timestamp":1791202206308,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,23]],"date-time":"2005-06-23T01:27:35Z","timestamp":1119490055000},"page":"171-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Comparison of a Spatial Perspective with the Multilevel Analytical Approach in Neighborhood Studies: The Case of Mental and Behavioral Disorders due to Psychoactive Substance Use in Malm\u00f6, Sweden, 2001"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Basile","family":"Chaix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. V.","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Chauvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawachi I, Berkman LF. Neighborhoods and health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2003.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195138382.001.0001"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diez-Roux AV. Multilevel analysis in public health research. Annu Rev Public Health2000;21:171\u201392.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.21.1.171"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB3","unstructured":"Leyland AH, Goldstein H. Multilevel modelling of health statistics. Chichester, England: Wiley, 2001."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB4","unstructured":"Snijders T, Bosker R. Multilevel analysis. An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modelling. London, England: Sage Publications, 1999."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merlo J. Multilevel analytical approaches in social epidemiology: measures of health variation compared with traditional measures of association. J Epidemiol Community Health2003;57:550\u20132.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.8.550"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merlo J, Chaix B, Yang M, et al. A brief conceptual tutorial on multilevel analysis in social epidemiology\u2014linking the statistical concept of clustering to the idea of contextual phenomenon. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005 (in press).","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023473"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merlo J, Yang M, Chaix B, et al. A brief conceptual tutorial on multilevel analysis in social epidemiology\u2014investigating contextual phenomena in different groups of individuals. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005 (in press).","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023929"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merlo J, Chaix B, Yang M, et al. A brief conceptual tutorial on multilevel analysis in social epidemiology\u2014interpreting neighbourhood differences and the effects of neighbourhood characteristics on individual health. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005 (in press).","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.028035"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weich S, Holt G, Twigg L, et al. Geographic variation in the prevalence of common mental disorders in Britain: a multilevel investigation. Am J Epidemiol2003;157:730\u20137.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg035"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duncan C, Jones K, Moon G. Psychiatric morbidity: a multilevel approach to regional variations in the UK. J Epidemiol Community Health1995;49:290\u20135.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.49.3.290"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reijneveld SA, Schene AH. Higher prevalence of mental disorders in socioeconomically deprived urban areas in the Netherlands: community or personal disadvantage? J Epidemiol Community Health1998;52:2\u20137.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.1.2"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wainwright NW, Surtees PG. Places, people, and their physical and mental functional health. J Epidemiol Community Health2004;58:333\u20139.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.012518"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weich S, Twigg L, Holt G, et al. Contextual risk factors for the common mental disorders in Britain: a multilevel investigation of the effects of place. J Epidemiol Community Health2003;57:616\u201321.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.8.616"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Driessen G, Gunther N, Van Os J. Shared social environment and psychiatric disorder: a multilevel analysis of individual and ecological effects. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol1998;33:606\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050100"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dear M. Psychiatric patients and the inner city. Ann Assoc Am Geogr1977;67:588\u201394.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.1977.tb01164.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knorr-Held L, Rasser G. Bayesian detection of clusters and discontinuities in disease maps. Biometrics2000;56:13\u201321.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00013.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabel CE, Boyle PJ, Loytonen M, et al. Spatial clustering of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Finland at place of birth and place of death. Am J Epidemiol2003;157:898\u2013905.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg090"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fotheringham AS, Wong DWS. The modifiable areal unit problem in multivariate statistical analysis. Environ Plan A1991;23:1025\u201344.","DOI":"10.1068\/a231025"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amrhein CG. Searching for the elusive aggregation effect: evidence from statistical simulations. Environ Plan A1995;27:105\u201319.","DOI":"10.1068\/a270105"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB20","unstructured":"Holt D, Steel DG, Tranmer M. Area homogeneity and the modifiable areal unit problem. Geograph Sys1996;3:181\u2013200."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Campo P. Invited commentary: Advancing theory and methods for multilevel models of residential neighborhoods and health. Am J Epidemiol2003;157:9\u201313.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf171"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB22","unstructured":"Mitchell R. Multilevel modeling might not be the answer. Environ Plan A2001;33:1357\u201360."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyle MH, Willms JD. Place effects for areas defined by administrative boundaries. Am J Epidemiol1999;149:577\u201385.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009855"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood SN. Thin plate regression splines. J R Stat Soc B2003;65:95\u2013114.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00374"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood SN. Stable and efficient multiple smoothing parameter estimation for generalized additive model. J Am Stat Assoc2004;99:673\u201386.","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000000980"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cakmak S, Burnett RT, Jerrett M, et al. Spatial regression models for large-cohort studies linking community air pollution and health. J Toxicol Environ Health A2003;66:1811\u201323.","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390306444"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnett R, Ma R, Jerrett M, et al. The spatial association between community air pollution and mortality: a new method of analyzing correlated geographic cohort data. Environ Health Perspect2001;109(suppl 3):375\u201380.","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109s3375"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leyland AH, Langford IH, Rasbash J, et al. Multivariate spatial models for event data. Stat Med2000;19:2469\u201378.","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20000915\/30)19:17\/18<2469::AID-SIM582>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langford IH, Leyland AH, Rasbash J, et al. Multilevel modelling of the geographical distributions of diseases. J R Stat Soc C1999;48:253\u201368.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9876.00153"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinschmidt I, Sharp B, Mueller I, et al. Rise in malaria incidence rates in South Africa: a small-area spatial analysis of variation in time trends. Am J Epidemiol2002;155:257\u201364.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.3.257"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinschmidt I, Sharp BL, Clarke GP, et al. Use of generalized linear mixed models in the spatial analysis of small-area malaria incidence rates in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Am J Epidemiol2001;153:1213\u201321.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.12.1213"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diggle P, Moyeed R, Rowlingson B, et al. Childhood malaria in The Gambia: a case-study in model-based geostatistics. J R Stat Soc C2002;51:493\u2013506.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9876.00283"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gemperli A, Vounatsou P, Kleinschmidt I, et al. Spatial patterns of infant mortality in Mali: the effect of malaria endemicity. Am J Epidemiol2004;159:64\u201372.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh001"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Wall MM, Carlin BP. Frailty modeling for spatially correlated survival data, with application to infant mortality in Minnesota. Biostatistics2003;4:123\u201342.","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/4.1.123"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgoni R, Billari FC. Bayesian spatial analysis of demographic survey data: an application to contraceptive use at first sexual intercourse. (Online journal; research article 3). Demogr Res 2003;8. (http:\/\/www.demographic-research.org\/?http:\/\/www.demographic-research.org\/volumes\/vol8\/3\/).","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2003.8.3"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee S, Gelfand AE, Carlin BP. Hierarchical modeling and analysis for spatial data. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman and Hall\/CRC, 2003.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203487808"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geronimus AT, Bound J. Use of census-based aggregate variables to proxy for socioeconomic group: evidence from national samples. Am J Epidemiol1998;148:475\u201386.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009673"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bithell JF. An application of density estimation to geographical epidemiology. Stat Med1990;9:691\u2013701.","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780090616"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talbot TO, Kulldorff M, Forand SP, et al. Evaluation of spatial filters to create smoothed maps of health data. Stat Med2000;19:2399\u2013408.","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20000915\/30)19:17\/18<2399::AID-SIM577>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari C, Rushton G. Using spatially adaptive filters to map late stage colorectal cancer incidence in Iowa. In: Fisher P, ed. Developments in spatial data handling. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2005:665\u201376.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26772-7_50"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walter SD. The analysis of regional patterns in health data. II. The power to detect environmental effects. Am J Epidemiol1992;136:742\u201359.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116553"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Congdon P. Applied Bayesian modelling. Chichester, England: Wiley,2003.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470867159"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith AFM, Roberts GO. Bayesian computation via the Gibbs sampler and related Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. J R Stat Soc B1993;55:3\u201323.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1993.tb01466.x"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiegelhalter DJ, Best N, Carlin BP, et al. Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. J R Stat Soc C2002;64:583\u2013639.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00353"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crook AM, Knorr-Held L, Hemingway H. Measuring spatial effects in time to event data: a case study using months from angiography to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Stat Med2003;22:2943\u201361.","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1535"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Goldberg MS, et al. Spatial analysis for environmental health research: concepts, methods, and examples. J Toxicol Environ Health A2003;66:1783\u2013810.","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390306446"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e0ez A, Uchida T, Miyamoto K. A general framework for estimation and inference of geographically weighted regression models: 2. Spatial association and model specification tests. Environ Plan A2002;34:883\u2013904.","DOI":"10.1068\/a34133"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merlo J, \u00d6stergren PO, Broms K, et al. Survival after initial hospitalisation for heart failure: a multilevel analysis of patients in Swedish acute care hospitals. J Epidemiol Community Health2001;55:323\u20139.","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.5.323"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominici F, McDermott A, Zeger SL, et al. On the use of generalized additive models in time-series studies of air pollution and health. Am J Epidemiol2002;156:193\u2013203.","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf062"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsay TO, Burnett RT, Krewski D. The effect of concurvity in generalized additive models linking mortality to ambient particulate matter. Epidemiology2003;14:18\u201323.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200301000-00009"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood SN. Modelling and smoothing parameter estimation with multiple quadratic penalties. J R Stat Soc B2000;62:413\u201328.","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00240"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB52","unstructured":"Wood SN. Multiple smoothing parameter estimation and GAMs by GCV. (http:\/\/stat.ethz.ch\/R-manual\/R-patched\/library\/mgcv\/html\/00Index.html)."},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20171010233738_BIB53","unstructured":"Odland J. Spatial autocorrelation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1988."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/162\/2\/171\/323727\/kwi175.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T22:32:31Z","timestamp":1586298751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/162\/2\/171\/139378\/Comparison-of-a-Spatial-Perspective-with-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwi175","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-6256","0002-9262"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,15]]}}}