{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:39:01Z","timestamp":1789731541096,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,15]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,14]],"date-time":"2011-12-14T06:06:59Z","timestamp":1323842819000},"page":"91-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Time-to-Event Analysis of Fine Particle Air Pollution and Preterm Birth: Results From North Carolina, 2001\u20132005"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Howard H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Lynn","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq103","article-title":"Preterm birth and psychiatric medication prescription in young adulthood: a Swedish National Cohort Study","volume":"39","author":"Crump","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.11.041","article-title":"Social lifestyle, risk-taking behavior, and psychopathology in young adults born very preterm or with a very low birthweight. Dutch POPS-19 Collaborative Study Group","volume":"152","author":"Hille","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9606","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9608","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","article-title":"An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood","volume":"371","author":"Saigal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181af8235","article-title":"Early emergence of behavior and social-emotional problems in very preterm infants","volume":"48","author":"Spittle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib6","volume-title":"Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention","author":"Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences","year":"2006"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-010-0514-z","article-title":"Ambient particulate matter and preterm birth or birth weight: a review of the literature","volume":"84","author":"Bosetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6362","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: a review of the literature","volume":"113","author":"Sr\u00e1m","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11345","article-title":"Acute effects of ambient particulate matter on mortality in Europe and North America: results from the APHENA study","volume":"116","author":"Samoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800108","article-title":"The effect of fine and coarse particulate air pollution on mortality: a national analysis","volume":"117","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"10","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.10.1127","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases","volume":"295","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2006.10464485","article-title":"Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect","volume":"56","author":"Pope","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11848","article-title":"The effects of fine particle components on respiratory hospital admissions in children","volume":"117","author":"Ostro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a7128f","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and preterm birth: a time-series analysis","volume":"20","author":"Darrow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7646","article-title":"A time-series analysis of air pollution and preterm birth in Pennsylvania, 1997\u20132001","volume":"113","author":"Sagiv","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2128636","article-title":"Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system","volume":"59","author":"Byun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Mech Rev"},{"issue":"D6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4184","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD001410","article-title":"Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model aerosol component 2. Model evaluation","volume":"108","author":"Mebust","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/env.984","article-title":"Combining numerical model output and particulate data using Bayesian space-time modeling","volume":"21","author":"McMillan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.1.11","article-title":"Invited commentary: air pollution and health\u2014what can we learn from a hierarchical approach?","volume":"155","author":"Dominici","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.044834","article-title":"Discrete time hazards models for occupational and environmental cohort analyses","volume":"67","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib21","volume-title":"Modelling Survival Data in Medical Research","author":"Collett","year":"1998","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470035771","volume-title":"Statistical Methods in Spatial Epidemiology","author":"Lawson","year":"2006","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib23","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1995.9935976","article-title":"Acute effects of total suspended particles and sulfur dioxides on preterm delivery: a community-based cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Xu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib25","first-page":"426","article-title":"A time series analysis of outdoor air pollution and preterm birth in Shanghai, China","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00004","article-title":"Effect of air pollution on preterm birth among children born in Southern California between 1989 and 1993","volume":"11","author":"Ritz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2006.00759.x","article-title":"Relationships between air pollution and preterm birth in California","volume":"20","author":"Huynh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm181","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and preterm birth in the environment and pregnancy outcomes study at the University of California, Los Angeles","volume":"166","author":"Ritz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10952","article-title":"A cohort study of traffic-related air pollution impacts on birth outcomes","volume":"116","author":"Brauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7751","article-title":"Local variations in CO and particulate air pollution and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles County, California, USA","volume":"113","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.10.003","article-title":"A time-series analysis of any short-term effects of meteorological and air pollution factors on preterm births in London, UK","volume":"106","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8733","article-title":"Exposures to air pollutants during pregnancy and preterm delivery","volume":"114","author":"Leem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9081","article-title":"Exposures to airborne particulate matter and adverse perinatal outcomes: a biologically plausible mechanistic framework for exploring potential effect modification by nutrition","volume":"114","author":"Kannan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.03.009","article-title":"Does the effect of air pollution on pregnancy outcomes differ by gender? A systematic review","volume":"105","author":"Ghosh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107s3451","article-title":"Molecular epidemiologic research on the effects of environmental pollutants on the fetus","volume":"107","author":"Perera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.080499","article-title":"The issue of confounding in epidemiological studies of ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"63","author":"Strickland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2006.00016.x","article-title":"The reliability and validity of birth certificates","volume":"35","author":"Northam","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxq007","article-title":"On quantifying the magnitude of confounding","volume":"11","author":"Janes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522101643_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2006.00410.x","article-title":"Model choice in time series studies of air pollution and mortality","volume":"169","author":"Peng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc A"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/175\/2\/91\/17339449\/kwr403.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T21:06:49Z","timestamp":1713215209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwr403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,13]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwr403","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-6256","0002-9262"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,13]]}}}