{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:04:42Z","timestamp":1791083082517,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,15]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,3]],"date-time":"2012-04-03T00:42:01Z","timestamp":1333413721000},"page":"750-759","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Is Cognitive Aging Predicted by One\u2019s Own or One\u2019s Parents\u2019 Educational Level? Results From the Three-City Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"M. Maria","family":"Glymour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Tzourio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Dufouil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988708328220","article-title":"Parental education and late-life dementia in the United States","volume":"22","author":"Rogers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/19.2.91","article-title":"The association of education and socioeconomic status with the Mini Mental State Examination and the clinical diagnosis of dementia in elderly people","volume":"19","author":"Brayne","year":"1990","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P271","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/48.6.P271","article-title":"Are age and education independent correlates of the Mini-Mental State Exam performance of community-dwelling elderly?","volume":"48","author":"Launer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.6.628","article-title":"Prevalence of dementia in an elderly rural population: effects of age, sex, and education","volume":"60","author":"Prencipe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.1_Part_1.13","article-title":"Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Katzman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.12.1886","article-title":"Prevalence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias in an elderly urban population: relationship with age, sex, and education","volume":"41","author":"Fratiglioni","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5.1231","article-title":"The effect of education on dementia occurrence in an Italian population with middle to high socioeconomic status","volume":"50","author":"De Ronchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib8","first-page":"55","article-title":"Education and occupation as risk factors for dementias of the Alzheimer and ischemic vascular types","volume":"6","author":"Mortel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P292","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/56.5.P292","article-title":"Education and the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: findings from the Study of Dementia in Swedish Twins","volume":"56","author":"Gatz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.65.5.785","article-title":"Environmental differences in twin pairs discordant for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"65","author":"R\u00e4ih\u00e4","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"13","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510370056032","article-title":"Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"271","author":"Stern","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1997.00550230066019","article-title":"Education and other measures of socioeconomic status and risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a defined population of older persons","volume":"54","author":"Evans","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000022153","article-title":"Education, activity, health, blood pressure and apolipoprotein E as predictors of cognitive change in old age: a review","volume":"46","author":"Anstey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi187","article-title":"When is baseline adjustment useful in analyses of change? An example with education and cognitive change","volume":"162","author":"Glymour","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027506294245","article-title":"Education and cognitive decline in older Americans: results from the AHEAD sample","volume":"29","author":"Alley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res Aging"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000341782.71418.6c","article-title":"Educational attainment and cognitive decline in old age","volume":"72","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799002834","article-title":"Age is no kinder to the better educated: absence of an association investigated using latent growth techniques in a community sample","volume":"31","author":"Christensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.23.1.119","article-title":"No protective effects of education during normal cognitive aging: results from the 6-year follow-up of the Maastricht Aging Study","volume":"23","author":"Van Dijk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp154","article-title":"Trajectories of cognitive function in late life in the United States: demographic and socioeconomic predictors","volume":"170","author":"Karlamangla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711001044","article-title":"Education does not slow cognitive decline with aging: 12-year evidence from the Victoria Longitudinal Study","volume":"17","author":"Zahodne","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22391","article-title":"Does cognitive reserve shape cognitive decline?","volume":"70","author":"Singh-Manoux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1076\/1380-3395(200006)22:3;1-V;FT370","article-title":"Normative data for clustering and switching on verbal fluency tasks","volume":"22","author":"Troyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704102014","article-title":"The verbal fluency task in the Greek population: normative data, and clustering and switching strategies","volume":"10","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc."},{"issue":"pt 1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.1.219","article-title":"Prefrontal regions supporting spontaneous and directed application of verbal learning strategies: evidence from PET","volume":"124","author":"Savage","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1323","article-title":"Insights into the ageing mind: a view from cognitive neuroscience","volume":"5","author":"Hedden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1159\/000072920","article-title":"Vascular factors and risk of dementia: design of the Three-City Study and baseline characteristics of the study population","volume":"22","author":"3C Study Group","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"575","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.123.4.467","article-title":"The Set test as an aid to the detection of dementia in old people","volume":"123","author":"Isaacs","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib28","volume-title":"Manuel Pour l\u2019Application Du Test de R\u00e9tention Visuelle","author":"Benton","year":"1965","edition":"2nd ed"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state.\u201d A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2466\/PMS.8.7.271-276","article-title":"Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage","volume":"8","author":"Reitan","year":"1958","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib31","volume-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment","author":"Lezak","year":"1995","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib32","volume-title":"Applied Longitudinal Analysis","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-008-9066-x","article-title":"Methodological challenges in causal research on racial and ethnic patterns of cognitive trajectories: measurement, selection, and bias","volume":"18","author":"Glymour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31816bbe14","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and dementia: potential selection bias in the elderly","volume":"19","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.05.006","article-title":"A systematic literature review of attrition between waves in longitudinal studies in the elderly shows a consistent pattern of dropout between differing studies","volume":"58","author":"Chatfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011","article-title":"Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Robins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn164","article-title":"Constructing inverse probability weights for marginal structural models","volume":"168","author":"Cole","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"27","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600888103","article-title":"Economic, neurobiological, and behavioral perspectives on building America\u2019s future workforce","volume":"103","author":"Knudsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70072-2","article-title":"The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer\u2019s disease prevalence","volume":"10","author":"Barnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.059469","article-title":"Does childhood schooling affect old age memory or mental status? Using state schooling laws as natural experiments","volume":"62","author":"Glymour","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170522100450_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w6902","volume-title":"Schooling, Intelligence and Income in America: Cracks in the Bell Curve","author":"Ashenfelter","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/175\/8\/750\/17339750\/kwr509.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T15:12:35Z","timestamp":1503414755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1093\/aje\/kwr509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwr509","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-6256","0002-9262"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,2]]}}}