{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:34:55Z","timestamp":1785839695070,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,15]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]],"date-time":"2017-03-10T15:24:49Z","timestamp":1489159489000},"page":"237-244","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cow's Milk Allergy in Infancy and Later Development of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Register-Based Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Miika","family":"Arvonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6909-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauri J.","family":"Virta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tytti","family":"Pokka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liisa","family":"Kr\u00f6ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2712-3903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"V\u00e4h\u00e4salo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9783","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60244-4","article-title":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"377","author":"Prakken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep383","article-title":"Possible environmental determinants of juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"49","author":"Ellis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2010.0009","article-title":"Homeostatic impact of indigenous microbiota and secretory immunity","volume":"1","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00280.x","article-title":"Oral tolerance","volume":"206","author":"Faria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.040618-0","article-title":"Long-term impacts of antibiotic exposure on the human intestinal microbiota","volume":"156","author":"Jernberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31827f520f","article-title":"Mother's and offspring's use of antibiotics and infant allergy to cow's milk","volume":"24","author":"Mets\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140348","article-title":"Repeated exposure to antibiotics in infancy: a predisposing factor for juvenile idiopathic arthritis or a sign of this group's greater susceptibility to infections","volume":"42","author":"Arvonen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e333","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0036","article-title":"Antibiotic exposure and juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a case-control study","volume":"136","author":"Horton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8233","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92459-4","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy","volume":"1","author":"Jackson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C10","first-page":"773","article-title":"Increased gut permeability in juvenile chronic arthritides. A multivariate analysis of the diagnostic parameters","volume":"18","author":"Picco","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00872.x","article-title":"Aberrant structures of fecal bacterial community in allergic infants profiled by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing","volume":"63","author":"Nakayama","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2548-x","article-title":"Faecal microbiome in new-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"35","author":"Tejesvi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249784","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/249784","article-title":"Role of cellular immunity in cow's milk allergy: pathogenesis, tolerance induction, and beyond","volume":"2014","author":"Jo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318285e9d8","article-title":"Cow's milk allergy, asthma, and pediatric IBD","volume":"56","author":"Virta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2011.00758.x","article-title":"Asthma and allergic symptoms and type 1 diabetes-related autoantibodies in 2.5-yr-old children","volume":"12","author":"Wahlberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.076901","article-title":"The gut-joint axis: cross reactive food antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"55","author":"Hvatum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2012.04663.x","article-title":"Altered expression of intestinal human leucocyte antigen D-related and immune signalling molecules in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"170","author":"Arvonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C18","first-page":"128","article-title":"Increase of duodenal and ileal mucosal cytotoxic lymphocytes in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"28","author":"Arvonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740701394005","article-title":"Intestinal immune activation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis and connective tissue disease","volume":"36","author":"Kokkonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.27","article-title":"Histopathological features of gastrointestinal mucosal biopsies in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"79","author":"Pichler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200201000-00010","article-title":"Lymphonodular hyperplasia on the mucosa of the lower gastrointestinal tract in children: an indication of enhanced immune response","volume":"34","author":"Kokkonen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1080\/003655200750056592","article-title":"Children with untreated food allergy express a relative increment in the density of duodenal gammadelta+ T cells","volume":"35","author":"Kokkonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.118882","article-title":"Cow's milk protein-sensitive enteropathy at school age","volume":"139","author":"Kokkonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510023765","article-title":"Duodenal cytotoxic lymphocytes in cow's milk protein sensitive enteropathy and coeliac disease","volume":"40","author":"Augustin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689008300512","article-title":"Is there an allergic synovitis","volume":"83","author":"Golding","year":"1990","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/36.8.905","article-title":"Does food intolerance play a role in juvenile chronic arthritis","volume":"36","author":"Schrander","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688507800515","article-title":"Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and milk allergy","volume":"78","author":"Ratner","year":"1985","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521003690251","article-title":"Eosinophilic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"45","author":"Lucendo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C29","author":"Population Register Centre"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2009.00494.x","article-title":"The Nordic countries as a cohort for pharmacoepidemiological research","volume":"106","author":"Furu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C31","author":"Finnish Medicines Agency and Social Insurance Institution"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C32","author":"Population Register Centre"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C33","first-page":"390","article-title":"International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001","volume":"31","author":"Petty","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.2000.00055.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of food allergy in Finland: survey of pediatric practices","volume":"11","author":"Kaila","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C35","first-page":"2275","article-title":"Incidence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis in the Nordic countries. A population based study with special reference to the validity of the ILAR and EULAR criteria","volume":"30","author":"Berntson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30426","article-title":"Ongoing disease activity and changing categories in a long-term Nordic cohort study of juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"63","author":"Nordal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"10","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2005.04.028","article-title":"Chronic intestinal inflammation and seronegative spondyloarthropathy in children","volume":"37","author":"Conti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C38","first-page":"1567","article-title":"Gut inflammation in children with late onset pauciarticular juvenile chronic arthritis and evolution to adult spondyloarthropathy\u2014a prospective study","volume":"20","author":"Mielants","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2012.01286.x","article-title":"Effect of lactose on gut microbiota and metabolome of infants with cow's milk allergy","volume":"23","author":"Francavilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280210386779","article-title":"On causal inference in the presence of interference","volume":"21","author":"Tchetgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr218","article-title":"Recommendations for presenting analyses of effect modification and interaction","volume":"41","author":"Knol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20032121","article-title":"Allergen-responsive CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in children who have outgrown cow's milk allergy","volume":"199","author":"Karlsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2752","article-title":"Is there a feudal hierarchy amongst regulatory immune cells? More than just Tregs","volume":"11","author":"Mauri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00732.x","article-title":"Infant feeding patterns affect the subsequent immunological features in cow's milk allergy","volume":"30","author":"Saarinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01955238","article-title":"Cow's milk protein intolerance in infants under 1 year of age: a prospective epidemiological study","volume":"152","author":"Schrander","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1990.tb00944.x","article-title":"A prospective study of cow milk allergy in Danish infants during the first 3 years of life. Clinical course in relation to clinical and immunological type of hypersensitivity reaction","volume":"45","author":"H\u00f8st","year":"1990","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12630","article-title":"Incidence and natural history of challenge-proven cow's milk allergy in European children\u2014EuroPrevall birth cohort","volume":"70","author":"Schoemaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2013.02.016","article-title":"The epidemiology of milk allergy in US children","volume":"110","author":"Warren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"35","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C49","first-page":"2806","article-title":"Incidence of juvenile idiopathic arthritis is increasing in Finland","volume":"63","author":"Virta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Suomen L\u00e4\u00e4k\u00e4rilehti"},{"issue":"12","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq074","article-title":"Maternal and perinatal characteristics and the risk of cow's milk allergy in infants up to 2 years of age: a case-control study nested in the Finnish population","volume":"171","author":"Mets\u00e4l\u00e4","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.089342","article-title":"Perinatal characteristics, early life infections and later risk of rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"68","author":"Carlens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201388","article-title":"It is time to rethink juvenile idiopathic arthritis classification and nomenclature","volume":"71","author":"Martini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38875","article-title":"The biologic basis of clinical heterogeneity in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"66","author":"Eng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512004229","article-title":"Immunological programming by breast milk creates an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu in breast-fed infants compared to formula-fed infants","volume":"109","author":"Kainonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0813","article-title":"Age at the introduction of solid foods during the first year and allergic sensitization at age 5 years","volume":"125","author":"Nwaru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.10.028","article-title":"Timing of infant feeding in relation to childhood asthma and allergic diseases","volume":"131","author":"Nwaru","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12352","article-title":"Food consumption and risk of childhood asthma","volume":"26","author":"Lumia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180313122651_kwx060C58","author":"Institute of Migration"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/186\/2\/237\/24330382\/kwx060.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T12:32:30Z","timestamp":1520944350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/186\/2\/237\/3778487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwx060","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,24]]}}}