{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:54:50Z","timestamp":1788447290588,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/about_us\/legal\/notices"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32CA099936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32CA099936"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]],"date-time":"2017-09-19T15:13:27Z","timestamp":1505834007000},"page":"982-991","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Socioeconomic Status and Childhood Cancer Incidence: A Population-Based Multilevel Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"187","author":[{"given":"Rebecca D","family":"Kehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan G","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota, Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny N","family":"Poynter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota, Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Vock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa L","family":"Osypuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.5.354","article-title":"Social class gradients in health during adolescence","volume":"56","author":"Starfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1367\/1539-4409(2002)002<0238:SCGAHI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Social class gradients and health in childhood","volume":"2","author":"Starfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ambul Pediatr"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2227-y","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in non-communicable diseases and their risk factors: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"15","author":"Sommer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2014.09.013","article-title":"Genetic and nongenetic risk factors for childhood cancer","volume":"62","author":"Spector","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.05.012","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Blumenshine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.0097","article-title":"Risk of childhood cancer by maternal birthplace: a test of the Hispanic paradox","volume":"170","author":"Heck","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-010-9528-3","article-title":"Poverty and childhood cancer incidence in the United States","volume":"21","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0038-4941.2004.08502011.x","article-title":"Who lives on the wrong side of the environmental tracks? Evidence from the EPA\u2019s risk\u2010screening environmental indicators model","volume":"85","author":"Ash","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26244","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and global variations in the incidence of neuroblastoma: call for support of population\u2010based cancer registries in low\u2010middle-income countries","volume":"64","author":"Kamihara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011577","article-title":"Geographic and ethnic variations in the incidence of childhood cancer","volume":"52","author":"Stiller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C11","volume-title":"International Incidence of Childhood Cancer, Volume II","author":"Parkin","year":"1998"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603794","article-title":"Cancer incidence patterns by region and socioeconomic deprivation in teenagers and young adults in England","volume":"96","author":"Alston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605732","article-title":"Parental educational attainment as an indicator of socioeconomic status and risk of childhood cancers","volume":"103","author":"Carozza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2015.00139","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and childhood leukemia incidence in Switzerland","volume":"5","author":"Adam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494815590499","article-title":"Poverty and the risk of leukemia and cancer in the central nervous system in children: a cohort study in a high-income country","volume":"43","author":"Del Risco Kollerud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940310022214","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and risk of childhood leukaemia in Denmark","volume":"32","author":"Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.6.1428","article-title":"Case-control study of parental age, parity and socioeconomic level in relation to childhood cancers","volume":"30","author":"Dockerty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.171","article-title":"Case-control study of paternal occupation and social class with risk of childhood central nervous system tumours in great Britain, 1962\u20132006","volume":"108","author":"Keegan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi248","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and childhood leukaemia: a review","volume":"35","author":"Poole","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncn261","article-title":"Childhood leukaemia and socioeconomic status: what is the evidence?","volume":"132","author":"Adam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05166.x","article-title":"An infectious aetiology for childhood acute leukaemia: a review of the evidence","volume":"127","author":"McNally","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C22","author":"Ries","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp127","article-title":"Comparability and representativeness of control groups in a case-control study of infant leukemia: a report from the children\u2019s oncology group","volume":"170","author":"Puumala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C24","author":"Minnesota Cancer Surveillance System","year":"2012"},{"issue":"5\u20137","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780140510","article-title":"Probabilistic linkage of large public health data files","volume":"14","author":"Jaro","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C26","author":"Division of Cancer Prevention and Control","year":"2015"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C27","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"Rothman","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2014.09.009","article-title":"Down syndrome preleukemia and leukemia","volume":"62","author":"Maloney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28988","article-title":"Multiple primary cancers as a guide to heritability","volume":"135","author":"Cybulski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20910","article-title":"International Classification of Childhood Cancer, third edition","volume":"103","author":"Steliarova\u2010Foucher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.2307\/1131279","article-title":"Measuring socioeconomic status in studies of child development","volume":"65","author":"Hauser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C32","first-page":"34","article-title":"Parental schooling and children\u2019s health","volume":"111","author":"Zill","year":"1996","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2006.00016.x","article-title":"The reliability and validity of birth certificates","volume":"35","author":"Northam","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C34","volume-title":"The Texas A&M, North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, National Cancer Institute Geocoding Service","author":"Goldberg"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C35","author":"Geolytics","year":"2003"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C36","first-page":"635","article-title":"Principal components and factor analysis","author":"Tabachnick","year":"1996"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9094-x","article-title":"The development of a standardized neighborhood deprivation index","volume":"83","author":"Messer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0124635","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124635","article-title":"Where we used to live: validating retrospective measures of childhood neighborhood context for life course epidemiologic studies","volume":"10","author":"Osypuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-151","article-title":"Intracluster correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation for perinatal outcomes from five cluster-randomised controlled trials in low and middle-income countries: results and methodological implications","volume":"12","author":"Pagel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a5a332","article-title":"Parental age and risk of childhood cancer: a pooled analysis","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25593","article-title":"Birth order and risk of childhood cancer: a pooled analysis from five US States","volume":"128","author":"Von Behren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a7786d","article-title":"Birth weight and childhood cancer","volume":"20","author":"Samuelsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-009-9378-z","article-title":"Involvement of the IGF system in fetal growth and childhood cancer: an overview of potential mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Callan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i04","article-title":"Multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE): implementation in Stata","volume":"45","author":"Royston","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C45","author":"StataCorp","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.1.156","article-title":"Socioeconomic data in cancer registries","volume":"91","author":"Krieger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24215","article-title":"The epidemiology of hepatoblastoma","volume":"59","author":"Spector","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.03.001","article-title":"Factors associated with residential mobility in children with leukemia: implications for assigning exposures","volume":"19","author":"Urayama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.008","article-title":"Life-course social mobility and reduced risk of adverse birth outcomes","volume":"51","author":"Osypuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-4-21","article-title":"Missing paternal demographics: a novel indicator for identifying high risk population of adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-4-10","article-title":"Racial discrepancies in the association between paternal vs. maternal educational level and risk of low birth weight in Washington State","volume":"4","author":"Nicolaidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-016-0069-5","article-title":"The consistency assumption for causal inference in social epidemiology: when a rose is not a rose","volume":"3","author":"Rehkopf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-015-9359-8","article-title":"Evaluating linearly interpolated intercensal estimates of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of US counties and census tracts 2001\u20132009","volume":"34","author":"Weden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Popul Res Policy Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31823aca5d","article-title":"Conditioning on intermediates in perinatal epidemiology","volume":"23","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww164","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in socioeconomic position and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"185","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C56","author":"Minnesota State Demographic Center","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23275","article-title":"Birth characteristics and Wilms tumor in Minnesota","volume":"122","author":"Puumala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj104","article-title":"Maternal and infant birth characteristics and hepatoblastoma","volume":"163","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20180625082907_kwx322C59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.7.603","article-title":"Birth characteristics and leukemia in young children","volume":"155","author":"Reynolds","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article-pdf\/187\/5\/982\/25082029\/kwx322.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T14:05:27Z","timestamp":1570111527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/187\/5\/982\/4258818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwx322","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9262","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-6256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]}}}