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We estimated the associations of recent cocaine use, opioid\/heroin use, and hazardous alcohol use with unsuppressed viral load among 1,554 persons receiving care at the John G. Bartlett Specialty Practice (Baltimore, Maryland) between 2013 and 2017. We accounted for measurement error in substance use using Bayesian models and prior estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of 2 imperfect measures of substance use derived from a previous analysis in this cohort. The prevalence difference for unsuppressed viral load associated with recent cocaine use was 11.3% (95% credible interval (CrI): 6.4, 17.0); that associated with recent opioid\/heroin use was 13.2% (95% CrI: 6.6, 20.7); and that associated with recent hazardous alcohol use was 8.5% (95% CrI: 3.2, 14.4). Failure to account for measurement error resulted in clinically meaningful underestimates of the prevalence difference. Time-varying substance use is prevalent and difficult to measure in routine care; here we demonstrate a method that improves the utility of imperfect data by accounting for measurement error.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]],"date-time":"2019-07-12T15:09:10Z","timestamp":1562944150000},"page":"1830-1837","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Recent Substance Use and Probability of Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load Among Persons on Antiretroviral Therapy in Continuity Care"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"188","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1717-2592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine R","family":"Lesko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 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Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard D","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"2019093019522147900_kwz159C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001183","article-title":"A longitudinal, HIV care continuum: 10-year restricted mean time in each care continuum stage 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