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Few studies have examined their long-term influence on inflammatory profiles. We included 3,393 premenopausal and 3,915 postmenopausal women with intact ovaries\/uterus from the Nurses\u2019 Health studies (Nurses\u2019 Health Study (1989\u20131990) and Nurses\u2019 Health Study II (1996\u20131999)) in an analysis of the association between lifetime ovulatory years (LOY) and levels of inflammatory biomarkers. We estimated LOY as age at menopause (age at blood collection for premenopausal women) minus age at menarche, subtracting years of oral contraceptive (OC) use and 1 year per pregnancy. After adjustment for other inflammation-related factors (e.g., body mass index, exercise, diet), every 5-year increase in LOY was associated with lower C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in both premenopausal (difference = \u221211.5%, 95% confidence interval: \u221215.0, \u22128.0; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.0001) and postmenopausal (difference = \u22127.2%, 95% confidence interval: \u221210.0, \u22124.3; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.0001) women. Older age at menopause (P\u00a0=\u00a00.007), earlier menarche (P\u00a0=\u00a00.007), and shorter duration of OC use (P\u00a0=\u00a00.002) were associated with lower CRP levels in postmenopausal women, whereas duration of OC use was positively associated with CRP levels in premenopausal women (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.0001). LOY was modestly inversely associated with interleukin 6 in postmenopausal women (P\u00a0=\u00a00.03). Notably, the associations of CRP with LOY were similar in magnitude to associations with exercise and a healthy diet, though weaker than the association with body mass index. Although many reproductive events induce acute inflammation, increased LOY was associated with lower chronic systemic inflammation even after menopause.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T20:10:14Z","timestamp":1574194214000},"page":"660-670","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Estimated Number of Lifetime Ovulatory Years and Its Determinants in Relation to Levels of Circulating Inflammatory Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L","family":"Shafrir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Center for Endometriosis, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A Heather","family":"Eliassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M","family":"Rexrode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Women\u2019s Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley S","family":"Tworoger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2020073103170786300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1020","article-title":"Age at menopause, reproductive life span, and type 2 diabetes risk: results from the EPIC-InterAct Study","volume":"36","author":"Brand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020073103170786300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006713","article-title":"Duration of reproductive life span, age at menarche, and age at menopause are associated with risk of cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"6","author":"Ley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart 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