{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:35:31Z","timestamp":1791477331859,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]],"date-time":"2020-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 HL118579-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 HL118579-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14SFRN20770008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14SFRN20770008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB643B16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB643B16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Salt (NaCl) is a prerequisite for life. Excessive intake of salt, however, is said to increase disease risk, including hypertension, arteriosclerosis, heart failure, renal disease, stroke, and cancer. Therefore, considerable research has been expended on the mechanism of sodium handling based on the current concepts of sodium balance. The studies have necessarily relied on relatively short-term experiments and focused on extremes of salt intake in humans. Ultra-long-term salt balance has received far less attention. We performed long-term salt balance studies at intakes of 6, 9, and 12 g\/day and found that although the kidney remains the long-term excretory gate, tissue and plasma sodium concentrations are not necessarily the same and that urinary salt excretion does not necessarily reflect total-body salt content. We found that to excrete salt, the body makes a great effort to conserve water, resulting in a natriuretic-ureotelic principle of salt excretion. Of note, renal sodium handling is characterized by osmolyte excretion with anti-parallel water reabsorption, a state-of-affairs that is achieved through the interaction of multiple organs. In this review, we discuss novel sodium and water balance concepts in reference to our ultra-long-term study. An important key to understanding body sodium metabolism is to focus on water conservation, a biological principle to protect from dehydration, since excess dietary salt excretion into the urine predisposes to renal water loss because of natriuresis. We believe that our research direction is relevant not only to salt balance but also to cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpaa049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T16:10:33Z","timestamp":1584461433000},"page":"687-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Sodium Handling and Interaction in Numerous Organs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Shintaro","family":"Minegishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School ,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine , Yokohama,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich C","family":"Luft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental & Clinical Research Center, a joint collaboration between Max-Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Titze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School ,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Clinic Erlangen , Erlangen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-6907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kento","family":"Kitada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School ,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"JSPS Overseas Research Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1977.57.4.729","article-title":"Intracellular ionic activity measurements in nerve and muscle","volume":"57","author":"Walker","year":"1977","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(82)90249-4","article-title":"The selectivity of ion channels in nerve and muscle","volume":"7","author":"Edwards","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00539.2015","article-title":"Na, K-ATPase regulation in skeletal muscle","volume":"311","author":"Pirkmajer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctm.2016.04.001","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of sodium channel inactivation","volume":"78","author":"Ghovanloo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Top Membr"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1980.50","article-title":"Set point for sodium homeostasis: surfeit, deficit, and their implications","volume":"17","author":"Hollenberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1982.113","article-title":"Sodium homeostasis: steady states without a set point","volume":"21","author":"Bonventre","year":"1982","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.11.013","article-title":"Long-term space flight simulation reveals infradian rhythmicity in human Na(+) balance","volume":"17","author":"Rakova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05851","article-title":"Agreement between 24-hour salt ingestion and sodium excretion in a controlled environment","volume":"66","author":"Lerchl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.132951","article-title":"Ultra-long-term human salt balance studies reveal interrelations between sodium, potassium, and chloride intake and excretion","volume":"104","author":"Birukov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88530","article-title":"Increased salt consumption induces body water conservation and decreases fluid intake","volume":"127","author":"Rakova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6644.319","article-title":"Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion","volume":"297","author":"Intersalt Cooperative Research Group","year":"1988","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1311989","article-title":"Association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with blood pressure","volume":"371","author":"Mente","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1311889","article-title":"Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events","volume":"371","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304127","article-title":"Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes","volume":"371","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000151825.36598.36","article-title":"Sex steroids, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension: unanswered questions and some speculations","volume":"45","author":"Reckelhoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06977","article-title":"Glucocorticoids induce nondipping blood pressure by activating the thiazide-sensitive cotransporter","volume":"67","author":"Ivy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1159\/000443864","article-title":"Metabolic alterations and cardiovascular outcomes of cortisol excess","volume":"46","author":"Pivonello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-017-0797-z","article-title":"11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and hypertension in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.033597","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism","volume":"138","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-018-0158-6","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms of mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease","volume":"42","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F134","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00323.2001","article-title":"Reduced osmotically inactive Na storage capacity and hypertension in the Dahl model","volume":"283","author":"Titze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1108","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00200.2003","article-title":"Osmotically inactive skin Na+ storage in rats","volume":"285","author":"Titze","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H203","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01237.2003","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycan polymerization may enable osmotically inactive Na+ storage in the skin","volume":"287","author":"Titze","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F793","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00096.2005","article-title":"Internal sodium balance in DOCA-salt rats: a body composition study","volume":"289","author":"Titze","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000221039.17735.1a","article-title":"Extrarenal Na+ balance, volume, and blood pressure homeostasis in intact and ovariectomized deoxycorticosterone-acetate salt rats","volume":"47","author":"Titze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.183517","article-title":"(23)Na magnetic resonance imaging of tissue sodium","volume":"59","author":"Kopp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00566","article-title":"23Na magnetic resonance imaging-determined tissue sodium in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients","volume":"61","author":"Kopp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3224","article-title":"Skin sodium measured with \u00b2\u00b3Na MRI at 7.0 T","volume":"28","author":"Linz","year":"2015","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-014-1685-x","article-title":"Tissue sodium storage: evidence for kidney-like extrarenal countercurrent systems?","volume":"467","author":"Hofmeister","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60113","article-title":"Immune cells control skin lymphatic electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure","volume":"123","author":"Wiig","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1960","article-title":"Macrophages regulate salt-dependent volume and blood pressure by a vascular endothelial growth factor-C-dependent buffering mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Machnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.143339","article-title":"Mononuclear phagocyte system depletion blocks interstitial tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein\/vascular endothelial growth factor C expression and induces salt-sensitive hypertension in rats","volume":"55","author":"Machnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08539","article-title":"High-salt diet causes osmotic gradients and hyperosmolality in skin without affecting interstitial fluid and lymph","volume":"69","author":"Nikpey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311149","article-title":"High-salt diet causes expansion of the lymphatic network and increased lymph flow in skin and muscle of rats","volume":"38","author":"Karlsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88532","article-title":"High salt intake reprioritizes osmolyte and energy metabolism for body fluid conservation","volume":"127","author":"Kitada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.62","article-title":"Renal physiology: burning calories to excrete salt","volume":"13","author":"Rabelink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065874","article-title":"Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"294","author":"Bodine","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.11.001","article-title":"FoxO3 controls autophagy in skeletal muscle in vivo","volume":"6","author":"Mammucari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00012","article-title":"The regulation of muscle mass by endogenous glucocorticoids","volume":"6","author":"Braun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4222","article-title":"Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine","volume":"22","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0041","article-title":"Pharmacological restoration of autophagy reduces hypertension-related stroke occurrence","author":"Forte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6931","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7931","article-title":"Macrophages monitor tissue osmolarity and induce inflammatory response through NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasome activation","volume":"6","author":"Ip","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0080205","article-title":"Muscle alanine synthesis and hepatic gluconeogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Snell","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713837115","article-title":"High salt intake causes leptin resistance and obesity in mice by stimulating endogenous fructose production and metabolism","volume":"115","author":"Lanaspa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0445-6","article-title":"Hydration biomarkers and copeptin: relationship with ad libitum energy intake, energy expenditure, and metabolic fuel selection","volume":"74","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5862","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521038113","article-title":"Probing the metabolic water contribution to intracellular water using oxygen isotope ratios of PO4","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000435947","article-title":"Heart rate, life expectancy and the cardiovascular system: therapeutic considerations","volume":"132","author":"Boudoulas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-019-0389-1","article-title":"Renal sympathetic nerve activity regulates cardiovascular energy expenditure in rats fed high salt","author":"Morisawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.07.042","article-title":"Nutritional markers and prognosis in cardiac cachexia","volume":"146","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.09.079","article-title":"Metabolism and the heart: an overview of muscle, fat, and bone metabolism in heart failure","volume":"162","author":"Loncar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.173104","article-title":"Role of elevated heart rate in the development of cardiovascular disease in hypertension","volume":"58","author":"Palatini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy871","article-title":"Ambulatory heart rate reduction after catheter-based renal denervation in hypertensive patients not receiving anti-hypertensive medications: data from SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED, a randomized, sham-controlled, proof-of-concept trial","volume":"40","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F818","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90253.2008","article-title":"Increased dietary NaCl induces renal medullary PGE2 production and natriuresis via the EP2 receptor","volume":"295","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.02.034","article-title":"Speculations on salt and the genesis of arterial hypertension","volume":"91","author":"Titze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.61.1.111","article-title":"Aestivation of the African lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus: cardiovascular and respiratory functions","volume":"61","author":"Delaney","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00813","article-title":"Nitrogen metabolism in the African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi) aestivating in a mucus cocoon on land","volume":"207","author":"Chew","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02711","article-title":"Getting the jump on skeletal muscle disuse atrophy: preservation of contractile performance in aestivating Cyclorana alboguttata (Gunther 1867)","volume":"210","author":"Symonds","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3664","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.033688","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs slowly and selectively during prolonged aestivation in Cyclorana alboguttata (Gunther 1867)","volume":"212","author":"Mantle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-007-0228-6","article-title":"Increased urea synthesis and\/or suppressed ammonia production in the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens, during aestivation in air or mud","volume":"178","author":"Loong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-014-0842-z","article-title":"Molecular characterization of argininosuccinate synthase and argininosuccinate lyase from the liver of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens, and their mRNA expression levels in the liver, kidney, brain and skeletal muscle during aestivation","volume":"184","author":"Chng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00071","article-title":"Aestivation induces changes in the mRNA expression levels and protein abundance of two isoforms of urea transporters in the gills of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens","volume":"8","author":"Chng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.199.8.1809","article-title":"Do Australian desert frogs co-accumulate counteracting solutes with urea during aestivation?","volume":"199","author":"Withers","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2011.06.028","article-title":"Changes in body fluids of the cocooning fossorial frog Cyclorana australis in a seasonally dry environment","volume":"160","author":"Reynolds","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2018.01.003","article-title":"Increased transcript levels and kinetic function of pyruvate kinase during severe dehydration in aestivating African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis","volume":"224","author":"Dawson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2018.08.011","article-title":"The morphological and functional significance of the NOS\/NO system in the respiratory, osmoregulatory, and contractile organs of the African lungfish","volume":"120","author":"Tota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.02.003","article-title":"Cutaneous Na+ storage strengthens the antimicrobial barrier function of the skin and boosts macrophage-driven host defense","volume":"21","author":"Jantsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew371","article-title":"Na+ deposition in the fibrotic skin of systemic sclerosis patients detected by 23Na-magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"56","author":"Kopp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12179","article-title":"Tissue sodium accumulation and peripheral insulin sensitivity in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"8","author":"Deger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016060662","article-title":"Skin sodium concentration correlates with left ventricular hypertrophy in CKD","volume":"28","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22090","article-title":"tissue sodium content is elevated in the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue in women with lipedema","volume":"26","author":"Crescenzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.11.021","article-title":"Elevated tissue sodium deposition in patients with type 2 diabetes on hemodialysis detected by 23Na magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"93","author":"Kopp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2026041420044114100_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1596483","article-title":"HIF1A and NFAT5 coordinate Na+-boosted antibacterial defense via enhanced autophagy and autolysosomal targeting","volume":"15","author":"Neubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autophagy"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpaa049\/33242227\/hpaa049.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article-pdf\/33\/8\/687\/46354152\/ajh_33_8_687.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article-pdf\/33\/8\/687\/46354152\/ajh_33_8_687.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:07:31Z","timestamp":1776211651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article\/33\/8\/687\/5810748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpaa049","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-7061","1941-7225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-7061","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-7225","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,21]]}}}