{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T01:32:10Z","timestamp":1793151130679,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102606"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["123465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["123465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CIHR First Pilot Foundation","award":["143348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["143348"]}]},{"name":"CRC Government of Canada\/CIHR Program","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/010q4q527","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Canada Fund for Innovation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/08216-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/08216-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases\u2014CRID"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that controls body fluid and electrolyte balance. Excess aldosterone is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Inflammation plays a critical role on vascular damage promoted by aldosterone and aggravates vascular abnormalities, including endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, fibrosis and oxidative stress, and other manifestations of end-organ damage that are associated with hypertension, other forms of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome. Over the past few years, many studies have consistently shown that aldosterone activates cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Macrophages and T cells accumulate in the kidneys, heart, and vasculature in response to aldosterone, and infiltration of immune cells contributes to end-organ damage in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Aldosterone activates various subsets of innate immune cells such as dendritic cells and monocytes\/macrophages, as well as adaptive immune cells such as T lymphocytes, and, by activation of mineralocorticoid receptors stimulates proinflammatory transcription factors and the production of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This review will briefly highlight some of the studies on the involvement of aldosterone in activation of innate and adaptive immune cells and its impact on the cardiovascular system. Since aldosterone plays a key role in many cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, these data will open up promising perspectives for the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of diseases associated with increased levels of aldosterone, such as arterial hypertension, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpaa137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]],"date-time":"2020-08-15T00:42:21Z","timestamp":1597452141000},"page":"15-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":242,"title":["Aldosterone, Inflammation, Immune System, and Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4648-6694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathanne S","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita C","family":"Tostes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5692-1891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Paradis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4502-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernesto L","family":"Schiffrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021021815185321500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(52)92427-6","article-title":"The effect of adrenal extract on mineral metabolism","volume":"1","author":"Tait","year":"1952","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021021815185321500_CIT0002","article-title":"The hydrolysis of cortisone acetate by enzymes of human blood","volume":"58 (330th Meeting):X","author":"Hobbiger","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2021021815185321500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02158515","article-title":"[Constitution of aldosterone, a new mineralocorticoid]","volume":"10","author":"Simpson","year":"1954","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"2021021815185321500_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-55-2-233","article-title":"Certain biological activities of crystalline electrocortin","volume":"55","author":"Speirs","year":"1954","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2021021815185321500_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104261","article-title":"The effects of intravenous infusions of valine-5 angiotensin II and other pressor agents on urinary electrolytes and corticosteroids, including aldosterone","volume":"40","author":"Biron","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2021021815185321500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104429","article-title":"Relation of renin, angiotensin II, and experimental renal hypertension to aldosterone secretion","volume":"40","author":"Carpenter","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2021021815185321500_CIT0007","first-page":"2797","article-title":"Regulation of aldosterone synthase in human vascular endothelial cells by angiotensin II and adrenocorticotropin","volume":"81","author":"Takeda","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2021021815185321500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104301","article-title":"Evidence for secretion of an aldosterone-stimulating hormone by the kidney","volume":"40","author":"Davis","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2021021815185321500_CIT0009","first-page":"386","article-title":"Stimulation of aldosterone secretion by angiotensisn. 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