{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:37:19Z","timestamp":1792201039495,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The term thiazide is universally understood to refer to diuretics that exert their principal action in the distal tubule. The thiazide class is heterogenous and can be further subdivided into compounds containing the benzothiadiazine ring structure\u2014the thiazide-type (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide)\u2014and those lacking the benzothiadiazine ring\u2014the thiazide-like (e.g., chlorthalidone and indapamide) drugs. Thiazide-like agents are longer acting and constitute the diuretics used in most of the cardiovascular outcome trials that established benefits of treatment with diuretics, but pragmatic aspects, such as lack of availability in convenient formulations, limit their use. Regardless of class heterogeneity, thiazides have retained importance in the management of hypertension for over 60 years. They are reliably effective as monotherapy in a majority of hypertensive patients, and augment the efficacy of other classes of antihypertensives when used in combination. Importantly, a thiazide-based treatment regimen lowers cardiovascular events, and their sturdy effect reinforces their place among the recommended first-line agents to treat hypertension in major domestic and international hypertension guidelines. There are few head-to-head comparisons within the class, but potential differences have been explored indirectly as well as in non-blood pressure mechanisms and potential pleiotropic properties. Until proven otherwise, the importance of these differences remains speculative, and clinicians should assume that cardiovascular events will be lowered similarly across agents when equivalent blood pressure reduction occurs. Thiazides remain underutilized, with only about one-third of hypertensive patients receiving them. For many patients, however, a thiazide is an indispensable component of their regimen to achieve adequate blood pressure control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpac048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]],"date-time":"2022-04-11T14:19:25Z","timestamp":1649686765000},"page":"573-586","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Thiazide and the Thiazide-Like Diuretics: Review of Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, and Indapamide"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0267-4888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E","family":"Ernst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa , USA"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle A","family":"Fravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-36-9115P","article-title":"Acidosis associated with the administration of para-amino-benzene-sulfonamide (Prontylin)","volume":"36","author":"Southworth","year":"1937","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.342","article-title":"Fifty years of thiazide diuretic therapy for hypertension","volume":"169","author":"Moser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1945.144.2.239","article-title":"The nature of the renal tubular mechanism for acidifying the urine","volume":"144","author":"Pitts","year":"1945","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1126\/science.127.3290.146","article-title":"Electrolyte excretion as influenced by chlorothiazide","volume":"127","author":"Beyer","year":"1958","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01565a079","article-title":"Benzothiadiazine dioxides as novel diuretics","volume":"79","author":"Novello","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0907219","article-title":"Use of diuretics in patients with hypertension","volume":"361","author":"Ernst","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1185\/03007997709110219","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of indapamide: a review","volume":"5","author":"Campbell","year":"1977","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198005030-00003","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of diuretics","volume":"5","author":"Beerman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00561901","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of chlorthalidone","volume":"17","author":"Mulley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.2510070602","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of the thiazide diuretics","volume":"7","author":"Whelling","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biopharm Drug Dispos"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0011","first-page":"34","article-title":"Large differences in the biological half-life and volume of distribution of hydrochlorothiazide in normal subjects from eleven studies","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00562454","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic studies with chlorthalidone (Hygroton) in man","volume":"12","author":"Riess","year":"1977","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00561547","article-title":"Binding of chlorthalidone (Hygroton) to blood components in man","volume":"10","author":"Dieterle","year":"1976","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00561901","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of chlorthalidone. Dependence of biological half-life on blood carbonic anhydrase levels","volume":"17","author":"Mulley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5951.197","article-title":"Effect of different doses of chlorthalidone on blood pressure, serum potassium, and serum urate","volume":"1","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1975","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(83)90119-9","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology of indapamide","volume":"106","author":"Caruso","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00548396","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of indapamide - a new antihypertensive drug","volume":"22","author":"Grebow","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0018","first-page":"201","article-title":"Vascular effects of chlorthalidone in mild hypertensives","volume":"15","author":"Bagatin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharamcol Res"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.32.6.1071","article-title":"Thiazide-induced vasodilation in humans is mediated by potassium channel activation","volume":"32","author":"Pickkers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.41.4.709","article-title":"Long-term thiazide therapy in essential hypertension. Evidence for persistent alterations in plasma volume and renin activity","volume":"41","author":"Tarzi","year":"1970","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.20.6.1028","article-title":"Relationship between plasma and extracellular fluid volume depletion and the antihypertensive effect of chlorothiazide","volume":"20","author":"Wilson","year":"1959","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.24.5.1197","article-title":"Effect of thiazide diuretics on plasma volume, body electrolytes, and excretion of aldosterone in hypertension","volume":"24","author":"Gifford","year":"1961","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2010.00319.x","article-title":"Combination antihypertensive treatment: is initiation order important?","volume":"12","author":"Gums","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03390110060027","article-title":"Nutritional therapy for high blood pressure. Final report of a four-year randomized controlled trial\u2014the Hypertension Control Program","volume":"257","author":"Stamler","year":"1987","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002088","article-title":"Redefining diuretics use in hypertension: why select a thiazide-like diuretic?","volume":"37","author":"Burnier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(81)90068-6","article-title":"Copared effects of indapamide, hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on electrical and mechanical activities in vascular smooth muscle","volume":"75","author":"Mironneau","year":"1981","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmcol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000152701.97426.5f","article-title":"Thiazide-like diuretics attenuate agonist-induced vasoconstriction by calcium desensitization linked to Rho kinase","volume":"45","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-014-0467-3","article-title":"New insights into carbonic anhydrase inhibition, vasodilation, and treatment of hypertensive-related diseases","volume":"16","author":"Swenson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199312050-00011","article-title":"Indapamide inhibits human platelet aggregation in vitro: comparison with hydrochlorothiazide","volume":"22","author":"Rendu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharamcol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.154476","article-title":"Chlorthalidone decreases platelet aggregation and vascular permeability and promotes angiogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Woodman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282f3e39d","article-title":"Thiazide diuretics, endothelial function, and vascular oxidative stress","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-4630(81)90131-2","article-title":"Effect of antihypertensive drugs on plasma renin activity and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2","volume":"7","author":"Blum","year":"1081","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1185\/03007998309109841","article-title":"Antihypertensive effect of indapamide with special emphasis on renal prostaglandin production","volume":"8","author":"LeBel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1159\/000517020","article-title":"The forgotten antiproteinuric properties of diuretics","volume":"52","author":"Trujillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.156166","article-title":"Chlorthlaidone: don\u2019t call it \u201cthiazide-like\u201d anymore","volume":"56","author":"Kurtz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304013281303","article-title":"Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men. A comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo","volume":"328","author":"Materson","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0037","first-page":"CD003824","article-title":"Blood pressure-lowering efficacy of monotherapy with thiazide diuretics for primary hypertension","author":"Musini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt196456part1708","article-title":"A comparison of the antihypertensive effect of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide","volume":"5","author":"Bowlus","year":"1964","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1177\/000331977602701210","article-title":"A double-blind study of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide in an outpatient population of moderate hypertensives","volume":"27","author":"Finnerty","year":"1976","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197907000-00010","article-title":"Double-blind comparison of hydrochlorothiazide plus triamterene therapy versus chlorthalidone therapy in hypertension","volume":"72","author":"Clark","year":"1979","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/030006058000800205","article-title":"The antihypertensive and biochemical effects of hydrochlorothiazide\/amiloride (Moduretic) versus chlorthalidone","volume":"8","author":"van Soeren","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000203309.07140.d3","article-title":"Comparative antihypertensive effects of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on ambulatory and office blood pressure","volume":"47","author":"Ernst","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000103632.19915.0E","article-title":"Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone: evidence supporting their interchangeability","volume":"43","author":"Carter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2010.1","article-title":"Meta-analysis of dose-response characteristics of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone: effects on systolic blood pressure and potassium","volume":"23","author":"Ernst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.190637","article-title":"Meta-analysis of dose-response relationships for hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and bendroflumethiazide on blood pressure, serum potassium, and urate","volume":"59","author":"Peterzan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13787","article-title":"The effect of indapamide vs. bendroflumethiazide for primary hypertension: a systematic review","volume":"85","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.05021","article-title":"Head-to-head comparisons of hydrochlorothiazide with indapamide and chlorthalidone: antihypertensive and metabolic effects","volume":"65","author":"Roush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000016176.16042.2F","article-title":"Resistant hypertension: comparing hemodynamic management to specialist care","volume":"39","author":"Taler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2005.04451.x","article-title":"Are chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide equivalent blood-pressure-lowering medications?","volume":"7","author":"Khosla","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2012.05.023","article-title":"Antihypertensive efficacy of hydrochlorothiazide vs chlorthalidone combined with azilsartan medoxomil","volume":"125","author":"Bakris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03300230018021","article-title":"Reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension","volume":"242","author":"Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Five-Year Findings of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program I.","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.5.1616","article-title":"Mortality rates after 10.5 years for hypertensive participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial","volume":"82","author":"The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group (MRFIT).","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460240051027","article-title":"Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP)","volume":"265","author":"SHEP Cooperative Research Group","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.23.2981","article-title":"Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)","volume":"288","author":"ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511939","article-title":"A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control","volume":"373","author":"SPRINT Research Group","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18369","article-title":"Impact of antihypertensive drug class on outcomes in SPRINT","author":"DeCarolis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0801369","article-title":"Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age and older","volume":"358","author":"Beckett","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0058","first-page":"710","article-title":"Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. A preliminary result","volume":"108","author":"PATS Collaborating Group","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06178-5","article-title":"Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack","volume":"358","author":"PROGRESS Collaborative Group","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61303-8","article-title":"Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"370","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91783-0","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly trial","volume":"1","author":"Amery","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6824.405","article-title":"Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results","volume":"304","author":"Medical Research Council Working Party","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540100029024","article-title":"Final outcome results of the Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"276","author":"Borhani","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021716","article-title":"A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly","volume":"348","author":"Wing","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0806182","article-title":"Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients","volume":"359","author":"Jamerson","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.181248","article-title":"Long-term effects of chlorthalidone versus hydrochlorothiazide on electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in the multiple risk factor intervention trial","volume":"58","author":"Ernst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.161505","article-title":"Chlorthalidone reduces cardiovascular events compared with hydrochlorothiazide: a retrospective analysis","volume":"57","author":"Dorsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-6-201303190-00004","article-title":"Chlorthalidone versus hydrochlorothiazide for the treatment of hypertension in older adults: a population-based cohort study","volume":"158","author":"Dhalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.7454","article-title":"Comparison of cardiovascular and safety outcomes of chlorthalidone vs hydrochlorothiazide to treat hypertension","volume":"180","author":"Hripcsak","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2123365","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.23365","article-title":"Comparison of clinical outcomes and safety associated with chlorthalidone vs hydrochlorothiazide in older adults with varying levels of kidney function","volume":"4","author":"Edwards","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.191106","article-title":"Chlorthalidone compared with hydrochlorothiazide in reducing cardiovascular events: systematic review and network meta-analyses","volume":"59","author":"Roush","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.05122","article-title":"Effects of thiazide-type and thiazide-like diuretics on cardiovascular events and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"lde Engberink RH","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpv050","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of thiazide-like diuretics: a meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13205","article-title":"Comparison of thiazide-like diuretics versus thiazide-type diuretics: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13386","article-title":"Hydrochlorothiazide vs chlorthalidone, indapamide, and potassium-sparing\/hydrochlorothiazide diuretics for reducing left ventricular hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Roush","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-019-0255-2","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide \u2013 meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Dineva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1208","article-title":"Chlorthalidone versus hydrochlorothiazide: a new kind of Veterans Affairs Cooperative study","volume":"165","author":"Lederle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05782-9","article-title":"Evaluating Diuretics in Normal Care (EVIDENCE): protocol of a cluster randomised controlled equivalence trial of prescribing policy to compare the effectiveness of thiazide-type diuretics in hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Rogers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001841.pub3","article-title":"First-line drugs for hypertension","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000066","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000084","article-title":"Resistant hypertension: detection, evaluation, and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"72","author":"Carey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-019-0284-9","article-title":"The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2019)","volume":"42","author":"Umemura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0084","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.02.086","article-title":"2020 Comprehensive Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children","volume":"36","author":"Rabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","article-title":"2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines","volume":"75","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0087","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000229653.73128.b6","article-title":"Long-term and short-term changes in antihypertensive prescribing by office-based physicians in the United States","volume":"48","author":"Stafford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.130","article-title":"Impact of the ALLHAT\/JNC7 Dissemination Project on thiazide-type diuretic use","volume":"170","author":"Stafford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06851","article-title":"Patterns and correlates of baseline thiazide-type diuretic prescription in the systolic blood pressure intervention trial","volume":"67","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpx085","article-title":"Current trends of hypertension treatment in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14109","article-title":"review of the prescribing trend of thiazide-type and thiazide-like diuretics in hypertension: a UK perspective","volume":"85","author":"McNally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13934","article-title":"Antihypertensive medication use and blood pressure control among treated older adults","volume":"22","author":"Ernst","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0094","author":"Kane","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.05.009","article-title":"Half a century of hydrochlorothiazide: facts, fads, fiction, and follies","volume":"124","author":"Messerli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1958.tb46769.x","article-title":"Chlorothiazide in renal disease","volume":"71","author":"Schreiner","year":"1958","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199509000-00008","article-title":"Diuretic effectiveness of hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide alone and in combination in chronic renal failure","volume":"26","author":"Knauf","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Cardivasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh650","article-title":"A randomized trial of furosemide vs hydrochlorothiazide in patients with chronic renal failure and hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Dussol","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110730","article-title":"Chlorthalidone for hypertension in advanced chronic kidney disease","volume":"385","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.03.001","article-title":"Erythrocyte zinc and carbonic anhydrase levels in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"37","author":"Mafra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2008.08126.x","article-title":"The silent epidemic of thiazide-induced hyponatremia","volume":"10","author":"Mann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4636","article-title":"Thiazide but not loop diuretics is associated with hypomagnesaemia in the general population","volume":"27","author":"Kieboom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200124150-00006","article-title":"Metabolic profile of indapamide sustained-release in patients with hypertension: data from three randomised double-blind studies","volume":"24","author":"Weidmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.08.059","article-title":"Long-term effect of diuretic-based therapy on fatal outcomes in subjects with isolated systolic hypertension with and without diabetes","volume":"95","author":"Kostis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.962522","article-title":"Long-term effects of incident diabetes mellitus on cardiovascular outcomes in people treated for hypertension: the ALLHAT Diabetes Extension Study","volume":"5","author":"Barzilay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr3744","article-title":"Association between the use of thiazide diuretics and the risk of skin cancers: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"11","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"2022070115162680400_CIT0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05138","article-title":"Indapamide. Is it the better diuretic for hypertension?","volume":"65","author":"Kaplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpac048\/43887487\/hpac048.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article-pdf\/35\/7\/573\/44371983\/hpac048.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article-pdf\/35\/7\/573\/44371983\/hpac048.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T11:18:32Z","timestamp":1656674312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article\/35\/7\/573\/6566542"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpac048","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-7061","1941-7225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-7061","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-7225","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]}}}