{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:40:34Z","timestamp":1771234834952,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There are six different formulae for estimating mean arterial pressure (MAP) from systolic and diastolic pressure readings. This study is to determine the optimum formula for calculating MAP when compared to the gold standard approach, which is the area under the curve of an invasively measured pulse waveform divided by the cardiac cycle duration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eight live pigs were used as the experimental model for the invasive measurement of femoral artery pressure (AP) by a fluid filled catheter connected with a pressure transducer. In addition, intraocular pressure (IOP) and jugular vein pressure (JVP) were also recorded. The mean pressure (MP) was calculated from digital waveforms sampled at 1,000 points per second with the six formulae and area method for AP, IOP and JVP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The absolute mean difference between the area MAP and each formula\u2019s MAP ranged from 0.98 to 3.23 mm Hg. Our study also found that even under physiological conditions, area MAP can vary between successive pulses by up to 5 mm Hg. For mean IOP and JVP, the mean difference between a formula\u2019s MP and the area method\u2019s was less than 1 mm Hg for most formulae. With the pooled data, there was excellent agreement amongst all formulae for MAP with the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) ranging from 0.97 to 0.99, while the ICC of most formulae for IOP and JVP was 1.0.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study suggests that all current formulae are adequate for estimating MAP, though some formulae are not suitable for mean IOP and JVP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpad026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T20:25:04Z","timestamp":1679430304000},"page":"297-305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Optimal Calculation of Mean Pressure From Pulse Pressure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Liam Y H","family":"Tien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia"},{"name":"Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William H","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia"},{"name":"Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J","family":"Cringle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia"},{"name":"Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9490-534X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dao-Yi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia"},{"name":"Lions Eye Institute, The University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023052200055998100_CIT0001","volume-title":"Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function","author":"Saladin","year":"2012","edition":"6"},{"key":"2023052200055998100_CIT0002","first-page":"375","volume-title":"Human Physiology From Cells to Systems","author":"Sherwood","year":"2013","edition":"8"},{"key":"2023052200055998100_CIT0003","first-page":"1529","volume-title":"Roberts and Hedges\u2019 Clinical Procedures in Emergency 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