{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:10:59Z","timestamp":1793052659341,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000135","name":"NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000135","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009607","name":"McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>High blood pressure (BP) in middle-aged and older adults is associated with lower brain volume and cortical thickness assessed with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, little evidence is available on young adults. We investigated the associations of high BP with brain volumes and cortical thickness in healthy young adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 1,095 young adults (54% women, 22\u201337 years) from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) who self-reported not having a history of hypertension or taking antihypertensive medications. Brachial systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured with a semi-automatic or manual sphygmomanometer during study visits. Structural MRI was used to measure gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume and mean cortical thickness. Associations of BP and hypertension stage with total and regional brain volumes and cortical thickness were analyzed using linear regression and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after adjusting for age, sex, education years, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption history, zygosity, and total intracranial volume.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SBP and DBP were (mean\u2005\u00b1\u2005SD) 123.6\u2005\u00b1\u200514.2 and 76.5\u2005\u00b1\u200510.6 mm Hg, respectively, (n\u2005=\u20051,095). High DBP was associated with lower total GM (P\u2005=\u20050.012), cortical GM (P\u2005=\u20050.004), subcortical GM (P\u2005=\u20050.012), and total WM volumes (P\u2005=\u20050.031). High SBP and DBP were associated with lower regional cortical volume and cortical thickness.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These findings suggest that high BP may have deleterious effects on brain health at the early stage of adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpae077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T07:46:33Z","timestamp":1718178393000},"page":"792-800","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["High Blood Pressure Is Associated With Lower Brain Volume and Cortical Thickness in Healthy Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Junyeon","family":"Won","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital , Dallas, Texas ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ashley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital , Dallas, Texas ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Cardim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital , Dallas, Texas ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7531-9388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanpen","family":"Vongpatanasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6534-5216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital , Dallas, Texas ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0001","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14240","article-title":"High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease","volume":"75","author":"Fuchs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-017-0724-3","article-title":"Defining the relationship between hypertension, cognitive decline, and dementia: a review","volume":"19","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.003","article-title":"Higher blood pressure predicts lower regional grey matter volume: consequences on short-term information processing","volume":"31","author":"Gianaros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2014.04.002","article-title":"The impact of hypertension on cerebral perfusion and cortical thickness in older adults","volume":"8","author":"Alosco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.7.921","article-title":"Longitudinal study of blood pressure and white matter hyperintensities: the EVA MRI cohort","volume":"56","author":"Dufouil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190474","article-title":"Midlife hypertension and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Lennon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191260","article-title":"Age moderates associations of hypertension, white matter hyperintensities, and cognition","volume":"75","author":"Guevarra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23554","article-title":"Hypertension and longitudinal changes in cerebral blood flow: the SMART-MR study","volume":"71","author":"Muller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.028","article-title":"Hypertension and cerebrovascular damage","volume":"205","author":"Veglio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000008","article-title":"Undiagnosed hypertension among young adults with regular primary care use","volume":"32","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042502","article-title":"Cumulative blood pressure exposure during young adulthood and mobility and cognitive function in midlife","volume":"141","author":"Mahinrad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.041","article-title":"The WU-Minn human connectome project: an overview","volume":"80","author":"Van Essen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x","article-title":"The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review","volume":"40","author":"Tombaugh","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.006","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.149","article-title":"A new, semi-structured psychiatric interview for use in genetic linkage studies: a report on the reliability of the SSAGA","volume":"55","author":"Bucholz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.032","article-title":"A hybrid approach to the skull stripping problem in MRI","volume":"22","author":"S\u00e9gonne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.016","article-title":"Sequence-independent segmentation of magnetic resonance images","volume":"23","author":"Fischl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.077","article-title":"Human Connectome Project informatics: quality control, database services, and data visualization","volume":"80","author":"Marcus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.072","article-title":"False positive rates in surface-based anatomical analysis","volume":"171","author":"Greve","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl066","article-title":"Sex differences in cortical thickness mapped in 176 healthy individuals between 7 and 87 years of age","volume":"17","author":"Sowell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8488","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0391-14.2014","article-title":"Differential longitudinal changes in cortical thickness, surface area and volume across the adult life span: regions of accelerating and decelerating change","volume":"34","author":"Storsve","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2013.06.004","article-title":"Frontal cortical thinning and subcortical volume reductions in early adulthood obesity","volume":"214","author":"Marqu\u00e9s-Iturria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht357","article-title":"Changes in thickness and surface area of the human cortex and their relationship with intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Schnack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.05.003","article-title":"Effects of alcohol dependence on cortical thickness as determined by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"204","author":"Momenan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.3505","article-title":"Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide for non-statisticians","volume":"10","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004602","article-title":"Female sex, early-onset hypertension, and risk of dementia","volume":"89","author":"Gilsanz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e758","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006947","article-title":"Association of peripheral blood pressure with gray matter volume in 19- to 40-year-old adults","volume":"92","author":"Schaare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000053","article-title":"Impact of hypertension on cognitive function: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"68","author":"Iadecola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313260","article-title":"Neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction in hypertension: epidemiology, pathobiology, and treatment","volume":"124","author":"Iadecola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.016321","article-title":"Aortic stiffness, increased white matter free water, and altered microstructural integrity: a continuum of injury","volume":"48","author":"Maillard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13820","article-title":"Investigation and treatment of high blood pressure in young people: too much medicine or appropriate risk reduction","volume":"75","author":"Hinton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d643","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d643","article-title":"Association of blood pressure in late adolescence with subsequent mortality: cohort study of Swedish male conscripts","volume":"342","author":"Sundstr\u00f6m","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-014-0489-x","article-title":"Cardiovascular risks associated with diastolic blood pressure and isolated diastolic hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32835d8230","article-title":"Guidelines on guidelines: focus on isolated systolic hypertension in youth","volume":"31","author":"O\u2019Rourke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044838","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk of isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension in young adults","volume":"141","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2009.11.002","article-title":"Application of statistical power analysis\u2013How to determine the right sample size in human health, comfort and productivity research","volume":"45","author":"Lan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.020","article-title":"Sex differences in brain aging and predictors of neurodegeneration in cognitively healthy older adults","volume":"81","author":"Armstrong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236431","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.6431","article-title":"Association of early adulthood hypertension and blood pressure change with late-life neuroimaging Biomarkers","volume":"6","author":"George","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.03.012","article-title":"Life-course blood pressure in relation to brain volumes","volume":"12","author":"Power","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32836184b5","article-title":"Blood pressure levels and brain volume reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Beauchet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpy104","article-title":"Differential associations of diastolic and systolic pressures with cerebral measures in older individuals with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"31","author":"Shokouhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.487165","article-title":"Hypertension and cerebral blood flow: implications for the development of vascular cognitive impairment in the elderly","volume":"38","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.157","article-title":"The bidirectional association between reduced cerebral blood flow and brain atrophy in the general population","volume":"35","author":"Zonneveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.22337","article-title":"Association of blood pressure with brain white matter microstructural integrity assessed with MRI diffusion tensor imaging in healthy young adults","volume":"81","author":"Won","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2019.05.003","article-title":"Blood pressure and the new ACC\/AHA hypertension guidelines","volume":"30","author":"Flack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000164712.24389.BB","article-title":"Ambulatory blood pressure and the brain: a 5-year follow-up","volume":"64","author":"Goldstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2025052222364511100_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2010.203","article-title":"Prognostic value of white-coat and masked hypertension diagnosed by ambulatory monitoring in initially untreated subjects: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Pierdomenico","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpae077\/58393758\/hpae077.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article-pdf\/37\/10\/792\/58922560\/hpae077.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article-pdf\/37\/10\/792\/58922560\/hpae077.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T02:37:02Z","timestamp":1747967822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article\/37\/10\/792\/7691366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpae077","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-7061","1941-7225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-7061","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-7225","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]}}}