{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:43:21Z","timestamp":1792633401289,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a post hoc analysis of a multinational, randomized trial, we investigated whether the efficacy and safety of nifedipine-gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) and ramipril differed between Chinese and European patients with hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previously treated (after 2-week washout) and untreated patients with clinic blood pressure (BP)\u2005\u2265\u2005140\/90 mmHg (systolic\/diastolic), daytime ambulatory BP\u2005\u2265\u2005135\/85 mmHg and standard deviation of home systolic BP\u2005&amp;gt;\u20057 mmHg, and\/or daytime BP\u2005&amp;gt;\u200512 mmHg were randomly assigned to treatment based on nifedipine-GITS 30 mg or ramipril 10 mg for 12 months. Clinic, ambulatory and home BP were measured at baseline, 10 weeks and 12 months after randomization.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 67 Chinese and 101 European patients were analyzed and they differed in age (50.9 vs. 54.6 years, respectively), body mass index (24.5 vs. 27.0 kg\/m2), clinic diastolic BP (87.9 vs. 92.5 mmHg), heart rate (75.0 vs. 70.8 beats\/minute), and nighttime diastolic BP (79.3 vs. 75.9 mmHg) (all P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). However, within each ethnicity, patients were comparable for clinical characteristics between the nifedipine-GITS and ramipril groups (P\u2005&amp;gt;\u20050.05). In both the Chinese and European patients, BP was similarly reduced with nifedipine-GITS and ramipril, except that daytime systolic\/diastolic BP reductions were 7.4\/4.1 mmHg greater in the ramipril than nifedipine-GITS group in Chinese (P\u2005=\u20050.02). The safety profile differed between the Chinese and European patients (P for drug*ethnicity interaction\u2005\u2264\u20050.05) for all adverse events (lower incidence on nifedipine-GITS in Chinese), ankle edema (higher on nifedipine-GITS in Europeans), and dry cough (higher on ramipril in Chinese).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the Chinese and European patients with hypertension, nifedipine-GITS and ramipril had similar BP lowering efficacy, but different safety profile and tolerability.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Identifier at clinicaltrials.gov NCT02499822 (Registration date: 16 July 2015)<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpae152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:29:36Z","timestamp":1733876976000},"page":"248-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Efficacy and Safety of a Calcium-Channel Blocker and an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor in Chinese and European Patients with Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5104-9176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Bilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologic Italliano, San Luca Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Soranna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologic Italiano , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Zambon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologic Italiano , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos G","family":"Kyriakoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Medicine, Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, School of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2098-1665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Kollias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Medicine, Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, School of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabella","family":"Ceravolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Cassago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martino F","family":"Pengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologic Italliano, San Luca Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Destounis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Medicine, Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, School of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George S","family":"Stergiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Medicine, Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, School of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8511-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Guang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"National Research Centre for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Parati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologic Italliano, San Luca Hospital , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0002","first-page":"182","article-title":"2018 Chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of hypertension-a report of the revision committee of Chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Joint Committee for Guideline Revision","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01225-8","article-title":"Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"387","author":"Ettehad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.01.058","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension: to use or not to use","volume":"71","author":"Messerli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283472643","article-title":"Peripheral edema associated with calcium channel blockers: incidence and withdrawal rate: a meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"29","author":"Makani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2010.06.014","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor associated cough: deceptive information from the physicians\u2019 desk reference","volume":"123","author":"Bangalore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.07.108","article-title":"The incidence and clinical predictors of ACE-inhibitor induced dry cough by perindopril in 27492 patients with vascular disease","volume":"176","author":"Brugts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4707","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac322","article-title":"Polygenic risk score for ACE-inhibitor-associated cough based on the discovery of new genetic loci","volume":"43","author":"Ghouse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67185-1","article-title":"ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"366","author":"Dahl\u00f6f","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16451-9","article-title":"VALUE trial group. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial","volume":"363","author":"Julius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001171","article-title":"Hypertension in Blacks: insights from Africa","volume":"35","author":"Rayner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2356","article-title":"Characteristics of hypertension in Chinese and their relevance for the choice of antihypertensive drugs","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.259","article-title":"Use of the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in the management of hypertension in Eastern Asians: a scientific statement of the Asian Pacific Heart Association","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0014","first-page":"141","article-title":"High prevalence of persistent cough with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in Chinese","volume":"40","author":"Woo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2015.1026040","article-title":"A prospective study of frequency and characteristics of cough during ACE inhibitor treatment","volume":"37","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002145","article-title":"Peripheral edema and headache associated with amlodipine treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"37","author":"Vukadinovi\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.178657","article-title":"Prognostic value of the variability in home-measured blood pressure and heart rate: the Finn-Home Study","volume":"59","author":"Johansson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03694","article-title":"Added predictive value of night-time blood pressure variability for cardiovascular events and mortality: the Ambulatory Blood Pressure-International Study","volume":"64","author":"Palatini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000100","article-title":"Validation of the A&D BP UA-651 device with a wide-range cuff for home blood pressure measurement according to the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol revision 2010","volume":"20","author":"Benetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Press Monit"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0020","first-page":"255","article-title":"Validation of the A&D TM-2430 device for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and evaluation of performance according to subjects\u2019 characteristics","volume":"3","author":"Palatini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood Press Monit"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000194120.42722.ac","article-title":"The Felodipine Event Reduction (FEVER) Study: a randomized long-term placebo-controlled trial in Chinese hypertensive patients","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1002067","article-title":"Effects of amlodipine and valsartan on vascular damage and ambulatory blood pressure in untreated hypertensive patients","volume":"20","author":"Ichihara","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-012-0288-1","article-title":"Characteristics of hypertension in the Chinese population","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2162113","article-title":"Analysis of prescription status of antihypertensive drugs in Chinese patients with hypertension based on real-world study","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313220","article-title":"Adherence in hypertension","volume":"124","author":"Burnier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183.e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.06.032","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme-related cough among Chinese-Americans","volume":"123","author":"Tseng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2001.27212","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion\/deletion, not bradykinin B2 receptor -58 T\/C gene polymorphism, associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-related cough in Chinese female patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.487391","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a single-pill combination of amlodipine\/valsartan in Asian hypertensive patients inadequately controlled with amlodipine monotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Ke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13543","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial on the blood pressure-lowering effect of amlodipine and nifedipine-GITS in sustained hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(02)03087-X","article-title":"Pedal edema-not all dihydropyridine calcium antagonists are created equal","volume":"15","author":"Messerli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0260742","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260742","article-title":"Peripheral edema: A common and persistent health problem for older Americans","volume":"16","author":"Besharat","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14009","article-title":"Two-drug fixed-dose combinations of blood pressure-lowering drugs as WHO essential medicines: an overview of efficacy, safety, and cost","volume":"22","author":"Salam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2025031705515015600_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002453","article-title":"International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines","volume":"38","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpae152\/61004391\/hpae152.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article-pdf\/38\/4\/248\/61004391\/hpae152.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article-pdf\/38\/4\/248\/61004391\/hpae152.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T05:52:13Z","timestamp":1742190733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article\/38\/4\/248\/7919522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpae152","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-7061","1941-7225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-7061","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-7225","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]}}}