{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:17:46Z","timestamp":1784269066372,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan","award":["18590815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18590815"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan","award":["21590898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21590898"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstrcat<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Excessive salt intake is a major contributor to hypertension and is associated with elevated nocturnal blood pressure (BP), particularly in the elderly and individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), or diabetes, who are prone to nocturnal BP elevation in response to high salt intake. Although estimation of salt intake from spot urine is widely used, the relationship of estimated salt intake from spot urine with nighttime BP in treated patients with hypertension remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed 209 hypertensive patients receiving antihypertensive therapy. Estimated daily salt intake was calculated from spot urine using a validated formula. Nighttime BP was measured over a period of seven days using a home BP monitoring device.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mean estimated salt intake was 9.3\u2005\u00b1\u20052.5 g\/day, and the mean nighttime systolic BP was 115.6\u2005\u00b1\u200512.1 mmHg. There was no significant correlation between estimated salt intake and nighttime systolic BP (r\u2005=\u2005\u22120.08, P\u2005=\u20050.23). Multivariable linear regression analysis also showed no significant association (\u03b2=-0.070, P\u2005=\u20050.34). Subgroup analyses in participants aged\u2005\u2265\u200565 years and those with CKD, MetS, or diabetes showed no significant associations. Sensitivity analyses in participants with controlled morning BP (&amp;lt;\u2005135 mmHg) and those with a\u2005\u2264\u20057-day interval between spot urine and nighttime BP measurements also showed no significant associations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Estimated salt intake from spot urine was not significantly associated with nighttime systolic BP in treated hypertensive patients, even in those prone to salt-related nocturnal BP elevation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpaf095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T08:21:39Z","timestamp":1748506899000},"page":"818-825","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association Between Estimated Daily Salt Intake from Spot Urine and Nocturnal Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients under Antihypertensive Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Maruhashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinoshita Clinic , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoji","family":"Ozono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ozono Clinic, Internal Medicine and Cardiology , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuaki","family":"Nakamaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nakamaru Clinic , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Ninomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ninomiya Clinic , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiro","family":"Oiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oiwa Naika , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuji","family":"Kawagoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kawagoe Clinic of Cardiology , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yoshida Cardiology Clinic , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Matsumoto Cardiovascular Medical Clinic , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuo","family":"Fukunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fukunaga Cardiology Clinic , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Sumii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazda Hospital , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hironori","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Shiode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Takahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsuchiya General Hospital , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujiro","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higashi-Hiroshima Medical Center , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Innovation and Technology Management, Yamaguchi University , Yamaguchi ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuki","family":"Kihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5813-3672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukihito","family":"Higashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Radiation Medical Science, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital , Hiroshima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6644.319","article-title":"Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt cooperative research group","volume":"297","author":"Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-019-0284-9","article-title":"The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2019)","volume":"42","author":"Umemura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension Res"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2013.103","article-title":"[Scientific statement] Report of the salt reduction committee of the japanese society of hypertension (3) assessment and application of salt intake in the management of hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Tsuchihashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension Res"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10971","article-title":"Nocturnal hypertension: new technology and evidence","volume":"71","author":"Kario","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.133900","article-title":"Predictive role of the nighttime blood pressure","volume":"57","author":"Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61538-4","article-title":"International database on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in relation to cardiovascular outcomes i. prognostic accuracy of day versus night ambulatory blood pressure: a cohort study","volume":"370","author":"Boggia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.110213","article-title":"Kidney and circadian blood pressure rhythm","volume":"51","author":"Kimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.17959","article-title":"Salt sensitivity: causes, consequences, and recent advances","volume":"81","author":"Bailey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.18.1.67","article-title":"Sodium and volume sensitivity of blood pressure. Age and pressure change over time","volume":"18","author":"Weinberger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-019-0240-8","article-title":"Relationship between home blood pressure and vascular function in patients receiving antihypertensive drug treatment","volume":"42","author":"Maruhashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension Res"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpad014","article-title":"Significant correlates of nocturnal hypertension in patients with hypertension who are treated with antihypertensive drugs","volume":"36","author":"Maruhashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003998","article-title":"Nighttime blood pressure-targeted antihypertensive treatment","volume":"43","author":"Maruhashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2014.20","article-title":"The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2014)","volume":"37","author":"Shimamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension Res"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0014","first-page":"S1","article-title":"American diabetes association: clinical practice recommendations 1999","volume":"22","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486","article-title":"Executive Summary of the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)","volume":"285","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.12.034","article-title":"Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan","volume":"53","author":"Matsuo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Diseases"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.483","article-title":"The definition, classification, and prognosis of chronic kidney disease: a KDIGO Controversies Conference report","volume":"80","author":"Levey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-13-1082","article-title":"Association between changes in 12 lifestyle behaviors and the development of metabolic syndrome during 1 year among workers in the Tokyo metropolitan area","volume":"78","author":"Tajima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation J"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.30.887","article-title":"Report of the Working Group for Dietary Salt Reduction of the Japanese Society of Hypertension: (2) Assessment of salt intake in the management of hypertension","volume":"30","author":"Kawano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension Res"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001307","article-title":"A simple method to estimate populational 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion using a casual urine specimen","volume":"16","author":"Tanaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00419.x","article-title":"Nocturnal blood pressure is elevated with natriuresis and proteinuria as renal function deteriorates in nephropathy","volume":"65","author":"Fukuda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000239299.71001.77","article-title":"Enhanced sodium sensitivity and disturbed circadian rhythm of blood pressure in essential hypertension","volume":"24","author":"Uzu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.10.1.1","article-title":"Renal function curve--a key to understanding the pathogenesis of hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Guyton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199715100-00002","article-title":"Implications of the linear pressure-natriuresis relationship and importance of sodium sensitivity in hypertension","volume":"15","author":"Kimura","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.30.2.163","article-title":"Nocturnal decline in blood pressure is attenuated by NaCl loading in salt-sensitive patients with essential hypertension: noninvasive 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Higashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.6.1859","article-title":"Sodium restriction shifts circadian rhythm of blood pressure from nondipper to dipper in essential hypertension","volume":"96","author":"Uzu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.15.1635","article-title":"Diuretics shift circadian rhythm of blood pressure from nondipper to dipper in essential hypertension","volume":"100","author":"Uzu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.11.839","article-title":"Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group","volume":"279","author":"Whelton","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0029","first-page":"CD004022","article-title":"Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride","volume":"4","author":"Graudal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025091917143911700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02535-4","article-title":"Circadian variation of blood pressure and endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension:a comparison of dippers and non-dippers","volume":"40","author":"Higashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpaf095\/63397681\/hpaf095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article-pdf\/38\/10\/818\/63397681\/hpaf095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article-pdf\/38\/10\/818\/63397681\/hpaf095.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T21:14:47Z","timestamp":1758316487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article\/38\/10\/818\/8152724"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpaf095","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-7061","1941-7225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-7061","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-7225","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]}}}