{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:07:45Z","timestamp":1782281265387,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01HD047584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01HD047584"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HD084227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD084227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M01RR007122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M01RR007122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14GRNT20480131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14GRNT20480131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18TPA34170522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18TPA34170522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23HL148394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23HL148394"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L40HL0148910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L40HL0148910"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL164434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL164434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R0HL146818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R0HL146818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the association of degree of prematurity with arterial stiffness in young adults using augmentation index corrected for a heart rate of 75 beats per minute (AIx@75) and pulse wave velocity (PWV).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a secondary cross-sectional analysis from a prospective cohort study of young adults born preterm with extremely low or very low birth weight (&amp;lt;1,500 g) and term-born peers with normal birth weight. Gestational age at birth was the exposure. Arterial stiffness outcome assessment was performed using radial artery tonometry (Sphygmocor) and a pressure wave transducer with an electrocardiogram (Colin). We used directed acyclic graph-informed multivariable linear regression to estimate the association of gestational age at birth on the continuous and binary scales with AIx@75 and PWV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 113 participants, 110 had AIx data and 97 had PWV data for analysis. AIx@75 was 5.07% higher in the preterm group. In adjusted analysis, each one-week higher gestational age at birth was associated with lower AIx@75 among the entire cohort (\u22120.38% per week, 95% confidence interval \u22120.74, \u22120.02). There was no statistically significant difference in PWV between the preterm and term groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a higher AIx in young adults with increasing severity of prematurity amongst the entire cohort, but no difference in PWV. More studies are needed that directly assess the severity of prematurity with arterial wall stiffness and alterations in arterial wall structure to determine if they are associated with a higher risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease long term in the premature population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpaf129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T07:36:32Z","timestamp":1751960192000},"page":"1136-1143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Arterial Stiffness in Young Adults With Very Low Birth Weight: Modified by Gestational Age"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5743-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie F","family":"Mayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5302-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L","family":"Schaich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3204-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M","family":"South","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-3815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossam A","family":"Shaltout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hypertension and Vascular Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.02.041","article-title":"Preterm birth as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in adult life: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"210","author":"Markopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2010.02.009","article-title":"Preterm birth\u2014an emerging risk factor for adult hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Norman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0003","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Vascular Medicine: A Companion to Braunwald\u2019s Heart Disease","author":"Creager","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12815","article-title":"Alterations in viscoelastic properties following premature birth may lead to hypertension and cardiovascular disease development in later life","volume":"104","author":"Tauzin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.114.03617","article-title":"Aging, arterial stiffness, and hypertension","volume":"65","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2019.08.005","article-title":"Rise and fall of elastic fibers from development to aging. Consequences on arterial structure-function and therapeutical perspectives","volume":"84","author":"Fhayli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1159\/000452448","article-title":"Large artery stiffness assessment using SphygmoCor technology","volume":"4","author":"Butlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pulse"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13200","article-title":"Relationship between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and invasively measured aortic pulse pressure","volume":"20","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0009","author":"WHO","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0b013e318225c2be","article-title":"DAGitty","volume":"22","author":"Textor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/hjh.0000000000002706","article-title":"Evaluating sources of bias in observational studies of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor\/angiotensin II receptor blocker use during COVID-19: beyond confounding","volume":"39","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-022-00308-6","article-title":"Sensitivity analyses for unmeasured confounders","volume":"9","author":"D\u2019Agostino McGowan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000242264.68586.28","article-title":"Characteristics of arterial stiffness in very low birth weight premature infants","volume":"60","author":"Tauzin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(86)90077-1","article-title":"Developmental changes in collagen and elastin biosynthesis in the porcine aorta","volume":"118","author":"Davidson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1097\/hjh.0b013e328347e333","article-title":"Cardiovascular consequences of extreme prematurity: the EPICure study","volume":"29","author":"McEniery","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202001-0016OC","article-title":"Respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes in survivors of extremely preterm birth at 19 years","volume":"202","author":"Hurst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32831ac951","article-title":"Correlation between augmentation index and pulse wave velocity in rabbits","volume":"27","author":"Obara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl254","article-title":"Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications","volume":"27","author":"Laurent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.07.037","article-title":"Normal vascular aging: differential effects on wave reflection and aortic pulse wave velocity","volume":"46","author":"McEniery","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000004039","article-title":"Measuring early vascular aging in youth: an expert consensus document from the Youth Vascular Consortium","author":"Hersant","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25007","article-title":"Youth vascular consortium collaborators. establishing reference values for pulse wave velocity in young people","volume":"82","author":"Kodithuwakku","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-022-01227-z","article-title":"Antenatal programming of hypertension: paradigms, paradoxes, and how we move forward","volume":"24","author":"South","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.025999","article-title":"Relation of arterial stiffness with gestational age and birth weight","volume":"89","author":"Cheung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.08.004","article-title":"Respective roles of preterm birth and fetal growth restriction in blood pressure and arterial stiffness in adolescence","volume":"48","author":"Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Adolescent Health"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0486","article-title":"Follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of dexamethasone to decrease the duration of ventilator dependency in very low birth weight infants: neurodevelopmental outcomes at 4 to 11 years of age","volume":"120","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026061312270607300_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e373","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0196","article-title":"Blood pressure at 6 years of age after prenatal exposure to betamethasone: follow-up results of a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"114","author":"Dalziel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpaf129\/63728771\/hpaf129.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article-pdf\/38\/12\/1136\/63728771\/hpaf129.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article-pdf\/38\/12\/1136\/63728771\/hpaf129.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T16:07:45Z","timestamp":1781453265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ajh\/article\/38\/12\/1136\/8196712"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpaf129","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-7061","1941-7225"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-7061","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-7225","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]}}}