{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:25:16Z","timestamp":1792009516511,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,7]],"date-time":"2018-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a vascular calcification inhibitor dependent upon vitamin K for activation. Evidence suggests that elevated plasma inactive MGP levels (desphospho-uncarboxylated MGP, dp-ucMGP; indicating poorer vascular vitamin K status) are associated with greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Despite African Americans experiencing highest rates of kidney failure and CVD events, relationships between dp-ucMGP and CVD risk markers have not been examined in this population. We investigated vascular vitamin K status (via plasma dp-ucMGP) between African American hemodialysis (HD) patients and healthy controls, and the associations of dp-ucMGP with arterial stiffness and endothelial function in HD patients only.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In 37 African American HD patients and 37 age- and race-matched controls, plasma dp-ucMGP was measured by enzyme immunoassay as a marker of vascular vitamin K status. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV; arterial stiffness measurement) and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD; endothelial function measurement) were assessed by applanation tonometry and ultrasound, respectively, in HD patients only.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mean dp-ucMGP levels were 5.6 times higher in HD patients vs. controls (2,139 \u00b1 1,102 vs. 382 \u00b1 181 pmol\/l, P &amp;lt; 0.01). Multiple linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, dialysis vintage, diabetes mellitus, CVD history, body mass index, and blood pressure, revealed that dp-ucMGP was independently related to PWV (standardized \u03b2 = 0.49) and FMD (standardized \u03b2 = \u22120.53) (both P &amp;lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our data suggest that the higher plasma dp-ucMGP concentrations found in African American HD patients may be associated with greater arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpy049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,6]],"date-time":"2018-04-06T19:26:04Z","timestamp":1523042764000},"page":"735-741","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Inactive Matrix Gla Protein, Arterial Stiffness, and Endothelial Function in African American Hemodialysis Patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Mary Ellen","family":"Fain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaston K","family":"Kapuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William D","family":"Paulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celestine F","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas","family":"Raed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanbin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjo H J","family":"Knapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cees","family":"Vermeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Group VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5465-2018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norman K","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 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