{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T09:17:22Z","timestamp":1784279842170,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pathophysiology and hemodynamic management of acute spinal cord injuries, including the use of intravenous and enteral vasoactive agents, are reviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal cord injuries are devastating neurological insults that in the acute setting lead to significant hemodynamic disturbances, including hypotension and bradycardia, that are influenced by the level of injury. High thoracic (usually defined as at or above T6) and cervical injuries often manifest with hypotension and bradycardia due to destruction of sympathetic nervous system activity and unopposed vagal stimulation to the myocardium, whereas lower thoracic injuries tend to result in hypotension alone due to venous pooling. Initial management includes maintaining euvolemia with crystalloids and maintaining or augmenting mean arterial pressure with the use of intravenous vasoactive agents to improve neurological outcomes. Choice of vasopressor should be based on patient-specific factors, particularly level of injury and presenting hemodynamics. This review includes the most recent literature on intravenous vasopressors as well as the limited evidence supporting the use of enteral vasoactive agents. Enteral vasoactive agents may be considered, when clinically appropriate, as a strategy to wean patients off of intravenous agents and facilitate transfer outside of the intensive care unit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hemodynamic management of acute spinal cord injuries often requires the use of vasoactive agents to meet mean arterial pressure goals and improve neurological outcomes. Patient-specific factors must be considered when choosing intravenous and enteral vasoactive agents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxac164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T06:11:20Z","timestamp":1654755080000},"page":"1521-1530","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Contemporary hemodynamic management of acute spinal cord injuries with intravenous and enteral vasoactive agents: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Joseph A","family":"Iovine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Hospital , Albuquerque, NM , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben D","family":"Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Hospital , Albuquerque, NM , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher 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