{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:47:28Z","timestamp":1792712848382,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and dual GLP-1\/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists (GLP-1\/GIP RAs) in managing cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, focusing on their cardiovascular (CV) and kidney-protective effects beyond glycemic control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In multiple randomized controlled trials, GLP-1 RAs were demonstrated to confer significant benefits in reducing CV events and preserving kidney function in patients with preexisting atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and those at high CV risk. Current guidelines, including those from the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) initiative and the American Diabetes Association (ADA), underscore the therapeutic potential of these agents for managing chronic kidney disease (CKD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome. Additionally, emerging data suggests their utility beyond T2DM. This review summarizes the evidence supporting these guidelines, along with newer findings not yet fully integrated into clinical practice. It also examines the role of pharmacists and multidisciplinary teams, safety considerations, and practical strategies for managing common adverse effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The integration of GLP-1 RAs and dual GLP-1\/GIP RAs into clinical practice offers substantial benefits for patients, both with and without diabetes. Pharmacists play a pivotal role in recommending evidence-based treatments for those at high CV and kidney risk, educating patients, addressing social determinants of health, and bridging gaps across multidisciplinary care teams.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxaf053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T07:19:36Z","timestamp":1740554376000},"page":"693-709","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["On the front lines of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: Review of GLP-1 and Dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonists in CV and kidney health"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Salama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY"},{"name":"University of Wyoming Family Medicine Residency at Cheyenne , Cheyenne, WY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levi","family":"Sinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming , Laramie, WY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025061121162009800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14496","article-title":"The evolving story of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: a pathophysiological update","volume":"23","author":"Nauck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025061121162009800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1609","article-title":"Relationships between gastric emptying, postprandial glycemia, and incretin hormones","volume":"36","author":"Marathe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025061121162009800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05906-7","article-title":"The expanding incretin universe: from basic biology to clinical translation","volume":"66","author":"Drucker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025061121162009800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.2525","article-title":"Semaglutide vs tirzepatide for weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity","volume":"184","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025061121162009800_CIT0005","first-page":"473","article-title":"Incretin hormones and type 2 diabetes-mechanistic insights and therapeutic approaches","volume":"9","author":"Boer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"issue":"20","key":"2025061121162009800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001184","article-title":"Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Ndumele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4S","key":"2025061121162009800_CIT0007","first-page":"S117","article-title":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. 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