{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T18:25:00Z","timestamp":1790447100876,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alarm fatigue is a serious problem in hospitals, often affecting nurses\u2019 concentration and increasing the risk of patient harm. Alarms associated with intravenous smart pumps (IVSPs) contribute to alarm fatigue; however, little is known about what causes unnecessary IVSP alarms or how to reduce them. The purpose of this study is to explore variables that impact the type and number of IVSP alarms and to demonstrate how alarm data can be used to identify IVSP alarm problem areas to target for improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A dataset containing IVSP infusion and alarm data for 62 million infusions from 107 US hospitals over a 24-month period was analyzed. Detailed analyses on the types and frequency of IVSP alarms for medication classes and select medications were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 65 million alarms were analyzed. Infusions of antibacterials generated a higher percentage of \u201cDoor Open\u201d and \u201cBolus Air in Line\u201d alarms than were generated in the all-infusion sample. Central nervous system (CNS) agents had fewer \u201cPatient Side Occlusion\u201d alarms, and opioid agonists generated more patient-controlled analgesia\u2013related alarms. Antineoplastic agents, monoclonal antibodies, and agents for blood formation, coagulation, and thrombosis all had a high ratio of alarms to infusions with alarms. Antineoplastic agents and monoclonal antibodies generated a high percentage of Bolus Air in Line alarms, and agents for blood formation, coagulation, and thrombosis (ie, heparin) had more Patient Side Occlusion alarms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates how IVSP alarm data, when evaluated by medication class or individual medication(s), can be used to identify potential areas to target for reducing unnecessary IVSP alarms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxag076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T12:48:57Z","timestamp":1772887737000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the impact of medication type and infusion duration on IV smart pump alarms"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Lori T","family":"Armistead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , Chapel Hill, NC ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen K","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elaine Marieb Center for Nursing and Engineering Innovation, Elaine Marieb College of Nursing & Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D","family":"Degnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University College of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Practice, , West Lafayette, IN ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen F","family":"Eckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy , Chapel Hill, NC 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