{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:05:38Z","timestamp":1790849138813,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]],"date-time":"2019-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), including efficacy and safety evidence, is reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Currently approved treatment options for glycemic control in T1DM include insulin, which combats insulin deficiency but does not effectively target disease progression or alpha cell dysfunction; and pramlintide, whose use requires multiple daily doses and involves a high likelihood of gastrointestinal side effects. GLP-1 RAs have a unique mechanism of action in T1DM, addressing alpha cell dysfunction and thereby suppressing inappropriate glucagon secretion. GLP-1 RA dosing varies from once weekly to twice daily, and the class is well tolerated in patients with type 2 diabetes. Among the GLP-1 RAs, exenatide and liraglutide have been studied in patients with T1DM, with published evidence consistently demonstrating weight loss, decreases in total daily insulin requirements, and modest improvements in glycemic control. GLP-1 RA therapy appears to be well tolerated in patients with T1DM and is associated with nonsignificant increases in hypoglycemia risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>GLP-1 RA therapy represents an important add-on therapy option for achieving decreased insulin doses, weight loss, and modest improvements in HbA1c levels without significantly increasing hypoglycemia risk in patients with T1DM. Patients who have detectable C-peptide and\/or are overweight or cannot achieve glycemic goals without hypoglycemia have been found to benefit the most from GLP-1 RA therapy. Further studies are warranted to evaluate these agents\u2019 potential impact on clinical outcomes such as microvascular and macrovascular complications.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxz179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]],"date-time":"2019-10-15T05:30:28Z","timestamp":1571117428000},"page":"1739-1748","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in type 1 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Justinne","family":"Guyton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, and St. Louis County Department of Public Health, St. Louis, MO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, and Walgreens Pharmacy, St. Louis, 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