{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:56:51Z","timestamp":1780581411824,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional survey to estimate the prevalence and clinical manifestation of disulfiram ethanol reaction (DER) and isopropanol toxicity (IT) in patients with alcohol use disorders, on disulfiram. Alcohol-based hand rub contains either ethanol or isopropanol or both. COVID-19 pandemic has led to wide scale usage of sanitizers. Patients with alcohol use disorders, on disulfiram, might experience disulfiram ethanol like reactions with alcohol-based sanitizers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We telephonically contacted 339 patients, prescribed disulfiram between January 2014 and March 2020. The assessment pertained to the last 3 months (i.e. third week of March to third week of June 2020).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sample consisted of middle-aged men with a mean 16 years of alcohol dependence. Among the 82 (24%) patients adherent to disulfiram, 42 (12.3%) were using alcohol-based hand rubs. Out of these, a total of eight patients (19%; 95% CI 9\u201333) had features suggestive of DER; four of whom also had features indicative of IT. Five patients (62.5%) had mild and self-limiting symptoms. Severe systemic reactions were experienced by three (37.5%). Severe reactions were observed with exposure to sanitizers in greater amounts, on moist skin or through inhalation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients on disulfiram should be advised to use alternate methods of hand hygiene.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T19:10:45Z","timestamp":1599592245000},"page":"42-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Disulfiram Ethanol Reaction with Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizer: An Exploratory Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug De-Addiction and Treatment CentreDepartment of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tathagata","family":"Mahintamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug De-Addiction and Treatment CentreDepartment of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y P S","family":"Balhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug De-Addiction and Treatment Centre, Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fazl E","family":"Roub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug De-Addiction and Treatment CentreDepartment of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debashish","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug De-Addiction and Treatment CentreDepartment of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subodh","family":"BN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug De-Addiction and Treatment CentreDepartment of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S K","family":"Mattoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug De-Addiction and Treatment CentreDepartment of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eepsita","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug De-Addiction and Treatment CentreDepartment of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babita","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug De-Addiction and Treatment CentreDepartment of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021062212493162400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa045","article-title":"Is alcohol in hand sanitizers absorbed through the skin or lungs? Implications for Disulfiram treatment","volume":"55","author":"Brewer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"2021062212493162400_ref1a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213285","article-title":"Interval Estimation for a proportion","volume":"16","year":"2001","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"key":"2021062212493162400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.12.470","article-title":"The Brief Adherence Rating Scale (BARS) validated against electronic monitoring in assessing the antipsychotic medication adherence of outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder","volume":"100","author":"Byerly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2021062212493162400_ref3","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Chapter 3 Disulfiram: How is disulfiram used In Incorporating alcohol pharmacotherapies into medical practice","author":"Center for Substance Abuse Treatment","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021062212493162400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa038","article-title":"Disulfiram ethanol reaction in a patient abstinent from alcohol caused by hand sanitizing","volume":"55","author":"De Sousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"2021062212493162400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqr172","article-title":"Disulfiram reaction in an artist exposed to solvents","volume":"62","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"key":"2021062212493162400_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1982.01650150019013","article-title":"Cutaneous reactions to lower aliphatic alcohols before and during disulfiram therapy","volume":"118","author":"Haddock","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"2021062212493162400_ref7","first-page":"82","article-title":"From disulfiram to antabuse: The invention of a drug","volume":"33","author":"Kragh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull Hist Chem"},{"key":"2021062212493162400_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000222512.25649.08","article-title":"The status of disulfiram: A half of a century later","volume":"26","author":"Suh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2021062212493162400_ref9","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Medications for treating alcohol dependence","volume":"72","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"2021062212493162400_ref10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations to member states to improve hand hygiene practices to help prevent the transmission of the COVID-19 virus","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interim guidance"}],"container-title":["Alcohol and Alcoholism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article-pdf\/56\/1\/42\/38756174\/agaa096.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article-pdf\/56\/1\/42\/38756174\/agaa096.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T12:49:56Z","timestamp":1624366196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article\/56\/1\/42\/5956481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa096","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-0414","1464-3502"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-0414","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3502","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]}}}