{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:07:11Z","timestamp":1790680031548,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>(a) To document the prevalence and odds of (i) alcohol use disorders, (ii) cannabis use disorders, (iii) other drug use disorders and (iv) any substance use disorder (SUD), among young adults with and without ADHD, and (b) to investigate the degree to which the association between ADHD and SUDs is attenuated by socio-demographics, early adversities and mental health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Secondary analysis of the nationally representative Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health (CCHS-MH). The sample included 6872 respondents aged 20\u201339, of whom 270 had ADHD. The survey response rate was 68.9%.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Substance Use Disorder: World Health Organization\u2019s Composite International Diagnostic Interview criteria, SUDs, were derived from lifetime algorithms for alcohol, cannabis and other substance abuse or dependence. ADHD was based on self-report of a health professional\u2019s diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>One in three young adults with ADHD had a lifetime alcohol use disorder (36%) compared to 19% of those without ADHD (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u20090.001). After adjusting for all control variables, those with ADHD had higher odds of developing alcohol use disorders (OR\u2009=\u20091.38, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.81), cannabis use disorders (OR\u2009=\u20091.46, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.00), other drug use disorders (OR\u2009=\u20092.07, 95% CI: 1.46, 2.95) and any SUD (OR\u2009=\u20091.69, 95% CI: 1.28, 2.23). History of depression and anxiety led to the largest attenuation of the ADHD-SUD relationship, followed by childhood adversities and socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Young adults with ADHD have a high prevalence of alcohol and other SUDs. Targeted outreach and interventions for this extremely vulnerable population are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agab048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T19:09:50Z","timestamp":1626980990000},"page":"385-395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder and Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders in Young Adulthood: Findings from a Canadian Nationally Representative Survey"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9705-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esme","family":"Fuller-Thomson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor St. W., Toronto, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, 500 University Avenue, 5th Floor University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Life Course & Aging, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor St. W., Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle A","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor St. W., Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senyo","family":"Agbeyaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth St, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.015","article-title":"Personality profile of binge drinking in university students is modulated by sex. A study using the alternative five factor model","volume":"165","author":"Adan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07040704","article-title":"Prevalence of mental illness in immigrant and non-immigrant US latino groups","volume":"165","author":"Alegr\u00eda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.024","article-title":"Race\/ethnicity and sex differences in progression from drinking initiation to the development of alcohol dependence","volume":"118","author":"Alvanzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1644-5","article-title":"Race\/ethnicity, nativity, and lifetime risk of mental disorders in US adults","volume":"54","author":"Alvarez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref6","volume-title":"DSM-III-R: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-012-1164-4","article-title":"A common genetic network underlies substance use disorders and disruptive or externalizing disorders","volume":"131","author":"Arcos-Burgos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12337","article-title":"Sex differences in ADHD symptom severity","volume":"56","author":"Arnett","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900014036","article-title":"Unrecognized attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in adults presenting with other psychiatric disorders","volume":"13","author":"Barkley","year":"2008","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00789.x","article-title":"Inattentiveness, parental smoking and adolescent smoking initiation","volume":"99","author":"Barman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.06.009","article-title":"Predictors of persistent ADHD: An 11-year follow-up study","volume":"45","author":"Biederman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006410","article-title":"Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study","volume":"36","author":"Biederman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113904","article-title":"ADHD symptoms as risk factor for PTSD in inpatients treated for alcohol use disorder","volume":"300","author":"Bolstad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.01.008","article-title":"Do health and education agencies in the United States share responsibility for academic achievement and health? A review of 25 years of evidence about the relationship of adolescents' academic achievement and health behaviors","volume":"52","author":"Bradley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1725","article-title":"Adolescent ADHD and adult physical and mental health, work performance, and financial stress","volume":"131","author":"Brook","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-013-9827-6","article-title":"Longitudinal determinants of substance use disorders","volume":"90","author":"Brook","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185778","article-title":"Dopaminergic network differences in human impulsivity","volume":"329","author":"Buckholtz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-019-01072-8","article-title":"Neighborhood structural factors and proximal risk for youth substance use","volume":"21","author":"Cambron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3660","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3660","article-title":"The age of onset of substance use is related to the coping strategies to deal with treatment in men with substance use disorder","volume":"5","author":"Capella","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0831-8","article-title":"Predictors of persistence of ADHD into adulthood: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Caye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2010.09.019","article-title":"Childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and future substance use disorders: Comparative meta-analyses","volume":"50","author":"Charach","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1037\/0008-400X.27.2.226","article-title":"The development of ADHD boys: A 12-year follow-up","volume":"27","author":"Claude","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can J Behav Sci"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000487767","article-title":"International consensus statement on screening, diagnosis and treatment of substance use disorder patients with comorbid attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"24","author":"Crunelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.04.003","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder subtypes and substance use and use disorders in NESARC","volume":"39","author":"De Alwis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200110050457","article-title":"The relationship between tobacco use, substance-use disorders and mental health: Results from the national survey mental health and well-being","volume":"3","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-020-00213-6","article-title":"Impulsivity across substance use categories: Consideration of sex\/gender","volume":"7","author":"DeVito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Behav Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3089","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.24.3089","article-title":"Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from the adverse childhood experiences study","volume":"286","author":"Dube","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.201","article-title":"ADHD as risk factor for early onset and later severity of illicit substance use: An accelerated gateway model","volume":"146","author":"Dunne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14431","article-title":"Indexing the 'dark side of addiction': Substance-induced affective symptoms and alcohol use disorders","volume":"114","author":"Ehlers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.10.1145","article-title":"Prospective effects of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and sex on adolescent substance use and abuse","volume":"64","author":"Elkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2217\/npy.13.59","article-title":"Changes in the definition of ADHD in DSM-5: Subtle but important","volume":"3","author":"Epstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry-Lond"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716688534","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in the United States: update by gender and race","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Attention Disorders"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170500471X","article-title":"The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of follow-up studies","volume":"36","author":"Faraone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710374596","article-title":"Sex differences in the manifestation of ADHD in emerging adults","volume":"16","author":"Fedele","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.03.003","article-title":"Pathway of protection: Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and substance use among multiracial youth","volume":"72","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6155.2010.00269.x","article-title":"A comparison of family adversity and family dysfunction in families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and families of children without ADHD","volume":"16","author":"Foley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Spec Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559500005003001","article-title":"Child maltreatment, other trauma exposure, and posttraumatic symptomatology among children with oppositional defiant and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders","volume":"5","author":"Ford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194070400010401","article-title":"ADHD and achievement","volume":"40","author":"Frazier","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-014-0126-1","article-title":"Childhood and persistent ADHD symptoms associated with educational failure and long-term occupational disability in adult ADHD","volume":"6","author":"Fredriksen","year":"2014","journal-title":"ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12380","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder casts a long shadow: Findings from a population-based study of adult women with self-reported ADHD","volume":"42","author":"Fuller-Thomson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2014.873510","article-title":"Establishing a link between attention deficit disorder\/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and childhood physical abuse","volume":"23","author":"Fuller-Thomson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Aggression Maltreat Trauma"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxh007","article-title":"The social epidemiology of substance use","volume":"26","author":"Galea","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-020-00321-z","article-title":"Directional effects of anxiety and depressive disorder with substance use: A review of recent prospective research","volume":"7","author":"Garey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.13r01600","article-title":"Underdiagnosis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in adult patients: a review of the literature","volume-title":"Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2014"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01659-0","article-title":"Evidence of concurrent and prospective associations between early maltreatment and ADHD through childhood and adolescence","volume":"54","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304050","article-title":"Trends in daily cannabis use among cigarette smokers: United States, 2002\u20132014","volume":"108","author":"Goodwin","year":"2018","journal-title":"AmJ Public Health"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03721.x","article-title":"Age and ethnic differences in the onset, persistence and recurrence of alcohol use disorder","volume":"107","author":"Grant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.08.008","article-title":"Poor response inhibition: At the nexus between substance abuse and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"33","author":"Groman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02489.x","article-title":"An epidemiological study of ADHD symptoms among young persons and the relationship with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and illicit drug use","volume":"53","author":"Gudjonsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2010.532560","article-title":"Understanding early-onset drug and alcohol outcomes among youth: The role of family structure, social factors, and interpersonal perceptions of use","volume":"16","author":"Hemovich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512436389","article-title":"Characteristics of sexual assault and disclosure among women in substance abuse recovery homes","volume":"27","author":"Hunter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.03.015","article-title":"Sex differences in the interacting roles of impulsivity and positive alcohol expectancy in problem drinking: A structural brain imaging study","volume":"14","author":"Ide","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.6.815","article-title":"Clinical observation of assessment using the composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI). An analysis of the CIDI field trials--wave II at the st louis site","volume":"160","author":"Janca","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br JPsychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00381.x","article-title":"Probabilities of alcohol high-risk drinking, abuse or dependence estimated on grounds of tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence","volume":"98","author":"John","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490590924728","article-title":"Co-morbidity of smoking in patients with psychiatric and substance use disorders","volume":"14","author":"Kalman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1463-3","article-title":"Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: Clinical implications of a dimensional approach","volume":"17","author":"Katzman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01454-z","article-title":"The patterns of family genetic risk scores for eleven major psychiatric and substance use disorders in a Swedish national sample","volume":"11","author":"Kenneth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref58","first-page":"716","article-title":"The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication","volume":"163","author":"Kessler","year":"2006","journal-title":"AmJPsychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229709030550","article-title":"The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications","volume":"4","author":"Khantzian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.10.1142","article-title":"Association between smoking and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a population-based sample of young adults","volume":"62","author":"Kollins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105311430005","article-title":"Family functioning and binge drinking among italian adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Laghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.11.042","article-title":"Influence of race and socioeconomic status on the diagnosis of child abuse: A randomized study","volume":"160","author":"Laskey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.01.006","article-title":"Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse\/dependence: A meta-analytic review","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n\/a-e105640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105640","article-title":"Childhood ADHD and risk for substance dependence in adulthood: A longitudinal, population-based study","volume":"9","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.94691313.x","article-title":"Level of current and past adolescent cigarette smoking as predictors of future substance use disorders in young adulthood","volume":"94","author":"Lewinsohn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref66","first-page":"1117","article-title":"ADHD symptoms in the adult general population are associated with factors linked to ADHD in adult patients","volume-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology","author":"Li","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref67","first-page":"1","volume-title":"CBHSQ Data Review","author":"Lipari","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023350308485","article-title":"Teens with ADHD: The challenge of high school","volume":"32","author":"Litner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Youth Care Forum"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01230","article-title":"Executive dysfunctions: The role in attention deficit hyperactivity and post-traumatic stress neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"7","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.010","article-title":"Conditional substance abuse and dependence by diagnosis of mood or anxiety disorder or schizophrenia in the U.S. population","volume":"119","author":"Martins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.10.012","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in substance use disorders","volume":"66","author":"McHugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153722","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and risk of substance use disorder: developmental considerations, potential pathways, and opportunities for research","volume":"10","author":"Molina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref73a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01183.x","article-title":"Prospective follow-up of empirically derived alcohol dependence subtypes in wave 2 of the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC): recovery status, alcohol use disorders and diagnostic criteria, alcohol consumption behavior, health status, and treatment seeking","volume":"34","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1211-3","article-title":"Sex differences in predicting ADHD clinical diagnosis and pharmacological treatment","volume":"28","author":"Mowlem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00880.x","article-title":"Disparities in alcohol-related problems among white, black, and hispanic americans","volume":"33","author":"Mulia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-006-9097-7","article-title":"Cultural orientation as a protective factor against tobacco and marijuana smoking for african american young women","volume":"36","author":"Nasim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.06.002","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and child maltreatment: a population-based study","volume":"153","author":"Ouyang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000508385","article-title":"International consensus statement for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of adolescents with concurrent attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder","volume":"26","author":"\u00d6zgen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.029","article-title":"Internalizing and externalizing factors on the pathway from adverse experiences in childhood to non-medical prescription opioid use in adulthood","volume":"197","author":"Quinn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref78a","article-title":"A review of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in women and girls: uncovering this hidden diagnosis","volume":"16","year":"2014","journal-title":"The primary care companion for CNS disorders"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054714542002","article-title":"Neighborhood characteristics and ADHD: Results of a national study","volume":"19","author":"Razani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.002","article-title":"Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and other illegal drug use among young adults: the socioeconomic context","volume":"121","author":"Redonnet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref81","first-page":"97","article-title":"Implications of epidemiological data for identifying persons with substance use and other mental disorders","volume-title":"The American journal on addictions","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711427563","article-title":"Pre- and postnatal risk factors for ADHD in a nonclinical pediatric population","volume":"17","author":"Sagiv","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029416","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and the health of youth: a multilevel, multidomain approach to conceptualizing pathways","volume":"139","author":"Schreier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04009","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04009","article-title":"The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14r09479","article-title":"Examining the association between posttraumatic stress disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Spencer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref86","volume-title":"Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health (CCHS)","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2013"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref87","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2011"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.07.025","article-title":"Childhood abuse and harmful substance use among criminal offenders","volume":"36","author":"Swogger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e994","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3482","article-title":"Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"135","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.11.039","article-title":"Reasons for substance use among people with mental disorders","volume":"37","author":"Thornton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22771","article-title":"Self-medication with alcohol or drugs for mood and anxiety disorders: a narrative review of the epidemiological literature","volume":"35","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref92","volume-title":"Behavioral Neursocience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and its Treatment. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences","author":"Urcelay","year":"2011"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12370","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in treatment-seeking substance use disorder patients with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results of the IASP study","volume":"109","author":"Emmerik-van Oortmerssen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02223.x","article-title":"Impulsivity, age of first alcohol use and substance use disorders among male adolescents: a population based case\u2013control study","volume":"103","author":"Diemen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.183.4.304","article-title":"Comorbidity of substance misuse and mental illness in community mental health and substance misuse services","volume":"183","author":"Weaver","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brit J Psychiat"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evopsy.2016.12.002","article-title":"Links between maltreatment during childhood or adolescence and risk-related substance use among young adults","volume":"82","author":"Wendland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evol Psychiatr (Paris)"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328345c956","article-title":"The intersection of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse","volume":"24","author":"Wilens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref98","first-page":"490","article-title":"The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review","volume-title":"Neurotherapeutics","author":"Willcutt","year":"2012"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.05.005","article-title":"Gender differences in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A narrative review","volume":"40","author":"Williamson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(94)90036-1","article-title":"Reliability and validity studies of the WHO-composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI): a critical review","volume":"28","author":"Wittchen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2022051008215289500_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02707-9","article-title":"Females with ADHD: an expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women","volume":"20","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Alcohol and Alcoholism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article-pdf\/57\/3\/385\/43625037\/agab048.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article-pdf\/57\/3\/385\/43625037\/agab048.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T08:23:46Z","timestamp":1652171026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article\/57\/3\/385\/6336025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/alcalc\/agab048","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-0414","1464-3502"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-0414","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3502","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]}}}