{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:10:46Z","timestamp":1772791846872,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Center for PTSD, Clinical Neurosciences Division","award":["1R21AA023150-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21AA023150-01A1"]}]},{"name":"Veterans Affairs VISN I Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between ghrelin levels and the subjective effects of alcohol in heavy drinkers, and to compare them to healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ghrelin levels were collected as part of two laboratory studies. Both groups received either IV infusion of saline or high dose of alcohol (100 mg%). In the study of heavy drinkers, ghrelin was gathered on all subjects, but data was analyzed only for participants who received placebo (N=12). Healthy controls (N=20) came from another study that collected data on family history. Ghrelin levels and measures of alcohol effects (BAES, VAS, NDS, YCS [see manuscript for details]) were collected at 4 timepoints: baseline, before infusion, during infusion and after infusion.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IV alcohol significantly reduced ghrelin levels and higher fasting ghrelin levels were associated with more intense subjective alcohol effects. There were no differences in fasting ghrelin levels or subjective effects between heavy drinkers and controls. However, while both groups showed similar decline in ghrelin levels following alcohol infusion, on the placebo day, ghrelin levels in the healthy subjects increased significantly and exponentially over time while for the heavy drinkers ghrelin levels remained flat.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings support the role of ghrelin in reward mechanisms for alcohol. Contrary to others, we found no differences in fasting ghrelin levels or subjective experiences of alcohol between heavy drinkers and healthy controls. However, the group differences on the IV placebo day may be a possible indication of ghrelin abnormalities in heavy drinkers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agac058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T08:39:03Z","timestamp":1668587943000},"page":"100-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ghrelin Predicts Stimulant and Sedative Effects of Alcohol in Heavy Drinkers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ralevski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06520 , USA"},{"name":"Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven, CT , USA"},{"name":"Mental Illness Research and Clinical Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamas L","family":"Horvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism , Section of Comparative Medicine, , New Haven 06520, CT , USA"},{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine , Section of Comparative Medicine, , New Haven 06520, CT , USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics\/Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven 06520, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marya","family":"Shanabrough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism , Section of Comparative Medicine, , New Haven 06520, CT , USA"},{"name":"Yale University School of Medicine , Section of Comparative Medicine, , New Haven 06520, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenelle","family":"Newcomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, 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