{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T05:44:14Z","timestamp":1777268654656,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402170461\u2014TRR265"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402170461\u2014TRR265"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["270949263\/GRK2162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["270949263\/GRK2162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Craving for alcohol is an important diagnostic criterion in alcohol use disorder (AUD) and an established predictor of future relapse. The 5-item Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) is one of the most widely used questionnaires to quantify craving and has been translated into different languages. It is assumed that the PACS constitutes one factor, although theoretical considerations suggest an additional second factor. We conducted stability and factor analyses (principal component and confirmatory factor analyses) of the German PACS (PACS-G) in samples of patients with AUD from the following three German study sites: Erlangen, N\u2009=\u2009188 (mean age: 47.1\u00a0years, 43.5% female); Mannheim, N\u2009=\u2009440 (45.5\u00a0years, 28.6% female); Hannover, N\u2009=\u2009107 (48.1\u00a0years, 48.6% female). In our samples, the 2-factor solution of the PACS-G version is more stable than the internationally assumed 1-factor solution. The resulting two PACS-G subscores \u2018difficulty to resist\u2019 (items 4 and 5) and \u2018thoughts about alcohol\u2019 (items 1, 2, and 3) have an internal consistency (Cronbach\u2019s alpha) of 0.80\u2009\u2264\u2009\u03b1\u2009\u2264\u20090.90, m\u2009=\u20090.86 and 0.86\u2009\u2264\u2009\u03b1\u2009\u2264\u20090.91, m\u2009=\u20090.89 with an overlap of R2\u2009=\u200962%. We found good convergent validity assessed via the Craving Automatized Scale-Alcohol and the Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale, but also correlations with depression and anxiety assessed via the Beck\u2019s Depression and Anxiety Inventories. This study is the first to provide evidence for a 2-factor solution (\u2018difficulty to resist\u2019 and \u2018thoughts about alcohol\u2019) underlying the PACS-G version.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agad045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T07:12:04Z","timestamp":1690441924000},"page":"637-644","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Psychometric properties of the German Penn Alcohol Craving Scale"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Helmut","family":"Nakovics","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , Germany"},{"name":"Heidelberg University , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , Germany"},{"name":"Heidelberg University , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , Germany"},{"name":"Biostatistics , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , Germany"},{"name":"Heidelberg University , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Koopmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , 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Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang H","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , Germany"},{"name":"Heidelberg University , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Psychopharmacology , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , Germany"},{"name":"Heidelberg University , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , Germany"},{"name":"Bethanian Hospital for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , G\u00fctzkower Landstra\u00dfe 69, 17489 Greifswald , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , Germany"},{"name":"Heidelberg University , Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, , J 5, 68159 Mannheim , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Weinland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) , Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"von Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) , Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"Siegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) , Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Kornhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) , Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"M\u00fchle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU) , Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine , University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Virchowstra\u00dfe 65, 32312 Luebbecke, , Bochum , Germany"},{"name":"Ruhr University Bochum Campus OWL , University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Virchowstra\u00dfe 65, 32312 Luebbecke, , Bochum , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sermin","family":"Toto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry , Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, , Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover , Germany"},{"name":"Hannover Medical School , Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, , Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hillemacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry , Social 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