{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:13:03Z","timestamp":1787008383231,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016238","name":"The Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016238","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research indicates that shared and specific underlying factors influence different addictions, sometimes resulting in co-occurring problems. The evidence concerning risk and protective factors for gambling and alcohol addiction, along with their co-occurrence, remains ambiguous. To address this gap, this study will conduct longitudinal research to examine the factors associated with at-risk behaviours over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We utilize a sample of 18- to 75-year-old participants (N\u2009=\u20091530) from Finland. Participants were surveyed every six months between 2021 and 2023, covering six rounds of data collection (in total 6650 observations). Measures included the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Problem Gambling Severity Index. The analysis used multilevel regression models to investigate risk and protective factors over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on population-average models, younger age and being a man were associated with all examined dependent variables. Psychological distress, a sense of belonging to family and friends, and belonging to an online community were associated with at-risk gambling. At-risk drinking was associated with education and income, marital status, and the sense of belonging to family and friends. Being in debt enforcement, education, and psychological distress were associated with the co-occurrence of the two addictive behaviours. The fixed effects highlighted the importance of psychological distress in the development of co-occurring gambling and drinking problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate that partly different sociodemographic and psychosocial factors are important underlying contributors to alcohol and gambling problems. Psychological distress is a particularly crucial factor predicting co-occurring at-risk gambling and drinking, indicating that co-occurrence is accompanied by psychological burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agae089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T07:43:33Z","timestamp":1734594213000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Psychosocial factors behind addiction\u2014a six-wave longitudinal comparison of at-risk gambling and drinking"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Sari","family":"Hautam\u00e4ki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University , Kalevantie 4, Tampere 33014 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8811-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iina","family":"Savolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University , Kalevantie 4, Tampere 33014 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmi","family":"Kauppila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University , Kalevantie 4, Tampere 33014 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Sirola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 , PL 35, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 40014 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4143-5580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atte","family":"Oksanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University , Kalevantie 4, Tampere 33014 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010622440763200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.04.003","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of gambling disorder and gambling-related harm: public health implications","volume":"184","author":"Abbott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2025010622440763200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743715625950","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the temporal relation between problem gambling and mental and substance use disorders among young adults","volume":"61","author":"Afifi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"key":"2025010622440763200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000356","article-title":"Identifying at-risk profiles and protective factors for problem gambling: a longitudinal study across adolescence and early adulthood","volume":"32","author":"Allami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"2025010622440763200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15449","article-title":"A meta-analysis of problem gambling risk factors in the general adult population","volume":"116","author":"Allami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2025010622440763200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2378023117710578","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023117710578","article-title":"Maximum likelihood for cross-lagged panel models with fixed effects. 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