{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T02:52:11Z","timestamp":1788835931351,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program"},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Synergy","award":["2021\/GNT200985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/GNT200985"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Preclinical research demonstrates that cannabidiol (CBD) attenuates alcohol-seeking behaviour and may have a neuroprotective effect against adverse alcohol consequences on the brain. This preliminary clinical study aimed to examine the effect of CBD on modulating neurometabolites in individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-two non-treatment seeking participants were randomized to receive 800\u00a0mg CBD or matched placebo\/day in a crossover double-blind, randomized trial. Presence of GABA+, NAA, Glx, Cho, and glutathione (GSH) in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was measured using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in each session.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There were no significant treatment effects across each of the neurometabolites (p\u2019s\u2009\u2265\u2009.28) but post hoc analyses revealed significant treatment effects when considering recent alcohol consumption. Specifically, CBD sessions were associated with significantly higher GSH (P &amp;lt; .001) and GLx (p\u2009=\u2009.001) concentrations relative to placebo sessions for participants who consumed alcohol the previous day while this effect was not observed in those who were abstinent. Similarly, GABA concentrations were significantly higher during CBD sessions and lower during placebo sessions for participants who consumed alcohol the previous day and this relationship was not observed for individuals who were abstinent the previous day (P = .0024).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The effect of CBD on modulating levels of neurometabolites may be contingent on recent alcohol consumption. These preliminary results suggest that CBD may regulate abnormal neurometabolite concentrations the day following alcohol consumption and thus may have a role in management of AUD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaf029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T03:10:06Z","timestamp":1751166606000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The effect of cannabidiol on neurometabolite levels in alcohol use disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Tristan","family":"Hurzeler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Anderson Stuart Building, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Edith Collins Centre for Translational Research (Alcohol, Drugs & Toxicology), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District , King George V Building, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marelyna","family":"DeMayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Anderson Stuart Building, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren","family":"Logge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Anderson Stuart Building, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Edith Collins Centre for Translational Research (Alcohol, Drugs & Toxicology), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District , King George V Building, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Anderson Stuart Building, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Edith Collins Centre for Translational Research (Alcohol, Drugs & Toxicology), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District , King George V Building, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain S","family":"McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney, Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics , 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Suraev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sydney, Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics , 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology , Brennan Maccallum Building, A18 Manning Rd, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Haber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Anderson Stuart Building, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Edith Collins Centre for Translational Research (Alcohol, Drugs & Toxicology), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District , King George V Building, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialty of Addiction Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Anderson Stuart Building, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Edith Collins Centre for Translational Research (Alcohol, Drugs & Toxicology), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District , King George V Building, Camperdown NSW 2050 ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.004","article-title":"Polysubstance and alcohol dependence: Unique abnormalities of magnetic resonance-derived brain metabolite levels","volume":"130","author":"Ab\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","article-title":"Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research","volume":"2","author":"Bastien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.21m14130","article-title":"Cannabidiol for treatment-resistant anxiety disorders in young people: An open-label trial","volume":"83","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05616-3","article-title":"A phase III multisite randomised controlled trial to compare the efficacy of cannabidiol to placebo in the treatment of cannabis use disorder: The CBD-CUD study protocol","volume":"24","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26233","article-title":"HERMES: Hadamard encoding and reconstruction of MEGA-edited spectroscopy","volume-title":"Magnetic resonance in Medicine","author":"Chan","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.03.024","article-title":"The impact of alcohol and tobacco use on in vivo glutathione in youth with bipolar disorder: An exploratory study","volume":"55","author":"Chitty","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref7","first-page":"6","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system and its modulation by Cannabidiol (CBD)","volume":"25","author":"Corroon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref8","first-page":"331-341, 344-351","article-title":"Neuroimmune function and the consequences of alcohol exposure","volume":"37","author":"Crews","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240907","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240907","article-title":"The neurometabolic profiles of GABA and glutamate as revealed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"d\u2019Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref10","volume-title":"Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"Diagnostic","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12149","article-title":"Loss of control of alcohol use and severity of alcohol dependence in non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers are related to lower glutamate in frontal white matter","volume":"37","author":"Ende","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113081","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1113081","article-title":"The initiator of neuroexcitotoxicity and ferroptosis in ischemic stroke: Glutamate accumulation","volume-title":"Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience","author":"Fan","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04349.x","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Penn alcohol craving scale","volume":"28","author":"Flannery","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref14","volume-title":"An R Companion to Applied Regression","author":"Fox","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000590","article-title":"Anterior cingulate glutamate is reduced by acamprosate treatment in patients with alcohol dependence","volume":"36","author":"Frye","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3914","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3914","article-title":"Errors in 1H-MRS estimates of brain metabolite concentrations caused by failing to take into account tissue-specific signal relaxation","volume":"31","author":"Gasparovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20901","article-title":"Use of tissue water as a concentration reference for proton spectroscopic imaging","volume":"55","author":"Gasparovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pyu041","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyu041","article-title":"Cannabidiol attenuates sensorimotor gating disruption and molecular changes induced by chronic antagonism of NMDA receptors in mice","volume":"18","author":"Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104889","article-title":"GSH and GABA decreases in IDH1-mutated low-grade gliomas detected by HERMES spectral editing at 3 T in vivo","volume":"141","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51254","article-title":"New Australian guidelines for the treatment of alcohol problems: An overview of recommendations","volume":"215","author":"Haber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24903","article-title":"Tissue correction for GABA-edited MRS: Considerations of voxel composition, tissue segmentation, and tissue relaxations","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0105","article-title":"The effects of cannabinoids on pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines: A systematic review of in vivo studies","volume":"6","author":"Henshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.07.034","article-title":"Translational magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals excessive central glutamate levels during alcohol withdrawal in humans and rats","volume":"71","author":"Hermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2024.101341","article-title":"The neurobehavioural effects of cannabidiol in alcohol use disorder: Study protocol for a double-blind, randomised, cross over, placebo-controlled trial. Contemporary clinical trials","volume":"13","author":"Hurzeler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-024-00224-0","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies of cannabidiol and potential neurobiological mechanisms relevant for alcohol use disorders: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Hurzeler","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cannabis Res"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0377-3","article-title":"Molecular targets of Cannabidiol in neurological disorders","volume":"12","author":"Ibeas Bih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01594-8","article-title":"Brain metabolite alterations related to alcohol use: A meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies","volume":"27","author":"Kirkland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300838","article-title":"Cannabidiol reverses MK-801-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition in mice","volume":"31","author":"Long","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research & Therapy"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3419","article-title":"How long does a single oral dose of cannabidiol persist in plasma? Findings from three clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"McCartney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-022-00272-6","article-title":"Glutamine and GABA alterations in cingulate cortex may underlie alcohol drinking in a rat model of co-occurring alcohol use disorder and schizophrenia: An 1H-MRS study","volume":"8","author":"McCunn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agt056","article-title":"Chronic alcohol consumption, abstinence and relapse: Brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in animals and humans","volume":"48","author":"Meyerhoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavioral neurobiology of alcohol addiction"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01365","article-title":"A systematic review on the pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in humans","volume":"9","author":"Millar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.02.040","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibits the hyperlocomotion induced by psychotomimetic drugs in mice","volume":"512","author":"Moreira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agu062","article-title":"Baclofen for the treatment of alcohol dependence and possible role of comorbid anxiety","volume":"49","author":"Morley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1940-0640-8-19","article-title":"Integrated care for comorbid alcohol dependence and anxiety and\/or depressive disorder: Study protocol for an assessor-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Morley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction Science and Clinical Practice"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref39","first-page":"402998","article-title":"Neurometabolite levels in alcohol use disorder patients during baclofen treatment and prediction of relapse to heavy drinking","volume":"9","author":"Morley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2019.1685078","article-title":"Brain N-acetyl aspartate and associations with cognitive impairment in alcohol dependent patients","volume":"42","author":"Morley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2013.08.002","article-title":"The efficacy and biobehavioural basis of baclofen in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease (BacALD): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Morley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1892641","article-title":"New approved and emerging pharmacological approaches to alcohol use disorder: A review of clinical studies","volume":"1-13","author":"Morley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01555.x","article-title":"Naltrexone versus acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: A multi-Centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Morley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref61","author":"Linnea Natural Pharma Solutions","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811211001107","article-title":"Cannabidiol modulation of hippocampal glutamate in early psychosis","volume":"35","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108827","article-title":"Osprey: Open-source processing, reconstruction & estimation of magnetic resonance spectroscopy data","volume":"343","author":"Oeltzschner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01696-z","article-title":"Repurposing anti-inflammatory medications for alcohol and substance use disorders","volume":"10","author":"Ozburn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref47","volume-title":"Level 1, 377 New South Head Road","author":"Pharmaceuticals","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0333-8","article-title":"Effects of cannabidiol on brain excitation and inhibition systems; a randomised placebo-controlled single dose trial during magnetic resonance spectroscopy in adults with and without autism spectrum disorder","volume":"44","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12810","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12810","article-title":"Intraindividual changes in brain GABA, glutamate, and glutamine during monitored abstinence from alcohol in treatment-naive individuals with alcohol use disorder","volume":"25","author":"Prisciandaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12977","article-title":"Associations between recent heavy drinking and dorsal anterior cingulate N-acetylaspartate and glutamate concentrations in non-treatment-seeking individuals with alcohol dependence","volume":"40","author":"Prisciandaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13931","article-title":"Brain glutamate, GABA, and glutamine levels and associations with recent drinking in treatment-naive individuals with alcohol use disorder versus light drinkers","volume":"43","author":"Prisciandaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1163","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.141","article-title":"Unique prefrontal GABA and glutamate disturbances in co-occurring bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence","volume":"7","author":"Prisciandaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13842","article-title":"Commonality of ethanol and nicotine reinforcement and relapse in Wistar-derived UChB rats: Inhibition by N-Acetylcysteine","volume":"42","author":"Quintanilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13031","article-title":"Beyond the \u201cfirst hit\u201d: Marked inhibition by N-acetyl cysteine of chronic ethanol intake but not of early ethanol intake. Parallel effects on ethanol-induced saccharin motivation","volume":"40","author":"Quintanilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12122042","article-title":"GABAergic neurotransmission in human tissues is modulated by Cannabidiol","volume":"12","author":"Ruffolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4227","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4227","article-title":"Simultaneous edited MRS of GABA, glutathione, and ethanol","volume":"33","author":"Saleh","year":"2020","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2015.01.009","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine prevents behavioral and biochemical changes induced by alcohol cessation in rats","volume":"49","author":"Schneider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2011.01.007","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibits the hyperphagia induced by cannabinoid-1 or serotonin-1A receptor agonists","volume":"98","author":"Scopinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.91.3.199","article-title":"Alcohol dependence syndrome: Measurement and validation","volume":"91","author":"Skinner","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1988.tb00485.x","article-title":"Reliability of a timeline followback method: Assessing normal drinkers' reports of recent drinking and a comparative evaluation across several populations","volume":"83","author":"Sobell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112579","article-title":"Effect of high-fat diets on oxidative stress, cellular inflammatory response and cognitive function","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agw046","article-title":"Overview of the genetics of alcohol use disorder","volume":"51","author":"Tawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref64","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R","author":"Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.20","article-title":"Perturbation of the glutamate\u2013glutamine system in alcohol dependence and remission","volume":"36","author":"Thoma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.125","article-title":"Effect of acamprosate on magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures of central glutamate in detoxified alcohol-dependent individuals: A randomized controlled experimental medicine study","volume":"67","author":"Umhau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15037","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010654108","article-title":"Addiction: Beyond dopamine reward circuitry","volume":"108","author":"Volkow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref68","volume-title":"Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10051192","article-title":"Alcohol use disorder: Neurobiology and therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.05.005","article-title":"Neurometabolite concentration and clinical features of chronic alcohol use: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"211","author":"Yeo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2025062823100242700_ref71","first-page":"187","article-title":"Anterior cingulate cortex in addiction: New insights for neuromodulation. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interface"}],"container-title":["Alcohol and Alcoholism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article-pdf\/60\/4\/agaf029\/63562836\/agaf029.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article-pdf\/60\/4\/agaf029\/63562836\/agaf029.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T03:10:13Z","timestamp":1751166613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/alcalc\/agaf029\/8172288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/alcalc\/agaf029","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-0414","1464-3502"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-0414","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3502","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"article-number":"agaf029"}}