{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:44:16Z","timestamp":1780065856593,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AA028224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AA028224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lithuania, a European country, has a history of high alcohol consumption per capita. To reduce harm, Lithuania has implemented the World Health Organization \u2018best buys\u2019 for alcohol control policies, notably two taxation policies in 2008 and 2017. Taxation may affect segments of the population differently; to explore this question, we investigated the effects on liver cirrhosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To analyze the effect of taxation on liver cirrhosis hospitalizations and mortality across four age groups in Lithuania.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using a general additive mixed model, we tested taxation on monthly hospitalization and mortality rates between 2001 and 2022 (n\u2009=\u2009264\u00a0months) across four age groups (young adults: 15\u201334, middle-aged adults: 35\u201354, older adults: 55\u201374, and seniors: 75+ years of age, respectively). We computed standardized hospitalizations and mortality rates (admissions and deaths per 100\u00a0000 people) based on summed counts of alcoholic liver disease and fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Taxation was associated with the largest downward trend in liver cirrhosis mortality among middle-aged and older adults, equivalent to two fewer deaths per 100\u00a0000 individuals. In older adults and seniors, taxation was associated with downward trends in hospitalizations, but effects were less robust.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Taxation may lead to decreases in liver cirrhosis mortality across all age groups but appears to be less consistently impactful for hospitalizations. Younger and middle-aged individuals may experience increased hospitalizations. Taxation appears to impact subsections of the population differently.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaf034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T19:41:09Z","timestamp":1750880469000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["How does taxation affect liver cirrhosis across age groups? An analysis of alcohol control policies on liver cirrhosis outcomes in Lithuania between 2001 and 2022"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH , 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH , 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building , 1 King\u2019s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto , 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Llamosas-Falc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building , 1 King\u2019s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janina","family":"Petkevi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Til\u017e\u0117s str. 18, 47181 Kaunas ,","place":["Lithuania"]},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Til\u017e\u0117s str. 18, 47181 Kaunas ,","place":["Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ri\u010dardas","family":"Radi\u0161auskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Til\u017e\u0117s str. 18, 47181 Kaunas ,","place":["Lithuania"]},{"name":"Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Sukil\u0117li\u0173 av. 17, 50162 Kaunas ,","place":["Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindaugas","family":"\u0160telem\u0117kas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Til\u017e\u0117s str. 18, 47181 Kaunas ,","place":["Lithuania"]},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Til\u017e\u0117s str. 18, 47181 Kaunas ,","place":["Lithuania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH , 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto , 155 College Street, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science (IMS), University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building , 1 King\u2019s College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto , 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE) , Martinistra\u00dfe 52, 20246 Hamburg ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Program on Substance Abuse & WHO European Region Collaboration Centre, Public Health Agency of Catalonia , 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