{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:13:03Z","timestamp":1787008383245,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01AA029712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AA029712"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F32AA031425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32AA031425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AA022214, R21AA027180, R21AA029771 and K24AA025704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AA022214, R21AA027180, R21AA029771 and K24AA025704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The alcohol cue-exposure paradigm is widely used in alcohol use disorder (AUD) research. Individuals with AUD exhibit considerable variability in their alcohol cue-reactivity, highlighting the need to identify characteristics that contribute to this heterogeneity. This study applied machine learning models to identify clinical and sociodemographic predictors of subjective alcohol cue-reactivity (ALCUrge).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with AUD (N\u2009=\u2009139; 83\u00a0M\/56F) completed an alcohol cue-exposure paradigm and a battery of clinical and sociodemographic measures. ALCUrge (primary outcome variable) was assessed using the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire following alcohol cue-exposure. We implemented three machine learning models (Lasso regression, Ridge regression, Random Forest) to identify clinical and sociodemographic predictors of ALCUrge and compared model performance (i.e. predictive accuracy).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lasso regression had the strongest predictive accuracy, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 9.48, followed by Random Forest (RMSE\u2009=\u20099.95), and Ridge regression (RMSE\u2009=\u200910.40). All models outperformed chance-level prediction (null baseline model RMSE\u2009=\u200914.80). Top predictors of ALCUrge across multiple models were alcohol urge prior to cue-exposure, compulsive alcohol-related behaviors\/thoughts, tonic alcohol craving, cigarette smoking status, and biological sex. Higher pre-cue exposure alcohol urge, more compulsive alcohol-related tendencies, greater tonic craving, and occasional cigarette use was associated with greater predicted ALCUrge, while being female was associated with lower predicted ALCUrge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study advances our understanding of the phenotypic overlap in the compulsive aspects of tonic craving and phasic cue-induced alcohol urge, and offers insight into additional factors, such as biological sex and cigarette smoking, that may contribute to variability in alcohol cue-reactivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaf052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T11:55:27Z","timestamp":1754049327000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Who is alcohol cue-reactive? A machine learning approach"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9935-9635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan E","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles , 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin R","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles , 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-4918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica N","family":"Grodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles , 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles , 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1158-5211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J","family":"Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles , 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Miranda Jr.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University , 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02912 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1976-2369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie S","family":"O\u2019Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine , 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph P","family":"Schacht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine , 1890 N. Revere Court, Mail Stop F570, Aurora, CO 80045 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5734-9444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara A","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles , 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles , 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01475.x","article-title":"The obsessive compulsive drinking scale: a self-rated instrument for the quantification of thoughts about alcohol and drinking behavior","volume":"19","author":"Anton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205971","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205971","article-title":"Subgroup identification in clinical trials via the predicted individual treatment effect","volume":"13","author":"Ballarini","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.61.2.194","article-title":"Beck anxiety inventory","volume":"61","author":"Beck","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref4","author":"Beck","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01554.x","article-title":"Development and initial validation of a measure of drinking urges in abstinent alcoholics","volume":"19","author":"Bohn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.11.007","article-title":"Machine learning for precision psychiatry: opportunities and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Bzdok","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9433273.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research","volume":"94","author":"Carter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addicn.2024.100156","article-title":"Mesocorticolimbic system reactivity to alcohol use-related visual cues as a function of alcohol sensitivity phenotype: a pilot fMRI study","volume":"11","author":"Cofres\u00ed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addict Neurosci"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03273-y","article-title":"Alcohol insensitivity and the incentive salience of alcohol: two decades of work relevant to future directions of the addictions neuroclinical assessment","volume":"15","author":"Cofres\u00ed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref11","first-page":"83","article-title":"Associations between socioeconomic factors and alcohol outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0021-843x.106.2.243","article-title":"Alcohol cue reactivity, negative-mood reactivity, and relapse in treated alcoholic men","volume":"106","author":"Cooney","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref13","first-page":"129","article-title":"What does cue-reactivity have to offer clinical research?","volume":"95","author":"Drummond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1108","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.71","article-title":"Biobehavioral effects of baclofen in anxious alcohol-dependent individuals: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, laboratory study","volume":"7","author":"Farokhnia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref15","volume-title":"Biometrics Research","author":"First","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref16","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5--Research Version (SCID-5 for DSM-5, Research Version; SCID-5-RV)","author":"First","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04349.x","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Penn alcohol craving scale","volume":"23","author":"Flannery","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01628.x","article-title":"Prazosin effects on stress- and cue-induced craving and stress response in alcohol-dependent individuals: preliminary findings","volume":"36","author":"Fox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxm045","article-title":"Sparse inverse covariance estimation with the graphical lasso","volume":"9","author":"Friedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2022.1039917","article-title":"Neural cue reactivity is not stronger in male than in female patients with alcohol use disorder","volume":"16","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.224","article-title":"Alcohol dependence and cue reactivity","volume":"55","author":"Glautier","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7","volume-title":"The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction","author":"Hastie","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"The Fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstr\u00f6m tolerance questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14826","article-title":"The 24-hour rhythm in alcohol craving and individual differences in sleep characteristics and alcohol use frequency","volume":"46","author":"Hisler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcoholism"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v6.i5.245","article-title":"Alcohol-induced hypertension: mechanism and prevention","volume":"6","author":"Husain","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Cardiol"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13991","article-title":"Striatal alcohol cue-reactivity is stronger in male than female problem drinkers","volume":"50","author":"Kaag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2024.108028","article-title":"Characterizing alcohol cue reactive and non-reactive individuals with alcohol use disorder","volume":"155","author":"Kirsch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.111123","article-title":"Anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex alcohol cue reactivity varies as a function of drink preference in alcohol use disorder","volume":"256","author":"Kirsch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2024.2419540","article-title":"A narrative review on alcohol use in women: insight into the telescoping hypothesis from a biopsychosocial perspective","volume":"51","author":"Kirsch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(90)90017-R","article-title":"Reactivity to alcohol cues and induced moods in alcoholics","volume":"15","author":"Litt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(85)90030-4","article-title":"Reliability of a family tree questionnaire for assessing family history of alcohol problems","volume":"15","author":"Mann","year":"1985","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.14","article-title":"Ridge regression","volume":"1","author":"McDonald","year":"2009","journal-title":"WIREs Computational Statistics"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185549","article-title":"How can we use our knowledge of alcohol-tobacco interactions to reduce alcohol use?","volume":"9","author":"McKee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200310001656939","article-title":"Survey of subjective effects of smoking while drinking among college students","volume":"6","author":"McKee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.7.716","article-title":"Smoking status as a clinical indicator for alcohol misuse in US adults","volume":"167","author":"McKee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15143","article-title":"Testing pharmacotherapies for alcohol use disorder with cue exposure paradigms: a systematic review and quantitative synthesis of human laboratory trial methodology","volume":"47","author":"Meredith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14352","article-title":"Effects of alcohol Cue reactivity on subsequent treatment outcomes among treatment-seeking individuals with alcohol use disorder: a multisite randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of Varenicline","volume":"44","author":"Miranda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.96.2.122","article-title":"Reactivity of alcoholics and nonalcoholics to drinking cues","volume":"96","author":"Monti","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S229","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.11.x","article-title":"Toward bridging the gap between biological, psychobiological and psychosocial models of alcohol craving","volume":"95 Suppl 2","author":"Monti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref40","first-page":"1634","article-title":"Naltrexone and cue exposure with coping and communication skills training for alcoholics: treatment process and 1-year outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Monti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-017-9757-0","article-title":"Prospective changes in neural alcohol cue reactivity in at-risk adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen-Louie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2007.02.012","article-title":"The effect of naltrexone and acamprosate on cue-induced craving, autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine reactions to alcohol-related cues in alcoholics","volume":"17","author":"Ooteman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01704.x","article-title":"Human laboratory paradigms in alcohol research","volume":"36","author":"Plebani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-018-0202-2","article-title":"Neurobiology of craving: current findings and new directions","volume":"5","author":"Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.10","article-title":"Development of the Neuroimmune modulator Ibudilast for the treatment of alcoholism: a randomized, placebo-controlled, human laboratory trial","volume":"42","author":"Ray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-0794-z","article-title":"A practice quit model to test early efficacy of medications for alcohol use disorder in a randomized clinical trial","volume":"193","author":"Ray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref47","volume-title":"The Cue Reactivity Paradigm in Addiction Research. The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Addiction Psychopharmacology","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(92)90008-C","article-title":"Cue elicited urge to drink and salivation in alcoholics: relationship to individual differences","volume":"14","author":"Rohsenow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-006x.62.3.620","article-title":"Cue reactivity as a predictor of drinking among male alcoholics","volume":"62","author":"Rohsenow","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02720.x","article-title":"Development of a short \u2018readiness to change\u2019 questionnaire for use in brief, opportunistic interventions among excessive drinkers","volume":"87","author":"Rollnick","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.06.002","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory assessment of the subjective experience of drug craving","volume":"29","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.487","article-title":"Alcohol cue reactivity and mood induction in male and female alcoholics","volume":"55","author":"Rubonis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.78","article-title":"Enhanced negative emotion and alcohol craving, and altered physiological responses following stress and cue exposure in alcohol dependent individuals","volume":"34","author":"Sinha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref54","volume-title":"Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS): User\u2019s Guide","author":"Skinner","year":"1984"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref55","volume-title":"Measuring Alcohol Consumption","author":"Sobell","year":"1992"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00737.x","article-title":"Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar)","volume":"84","author":"Sullivan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02622.x","article-title":"Socio-demographic risk factors for alcohol and drug dependence: the 10-year follow-up of the national comorbidity survey","volume":"104","author":"Swendsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020070073","article-title":"Cue exposure in alcohol dependent patients: preliminary evidence for different types of cue reactivity","volume":"107","author":"Szegedi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","article-title":"Regression selection and shrinkage via the lasso","volume":"58","author":"Tibshirani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc B"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1635138","article-title":"Comparing alcohol cue-reactivity in treatment-seekers versus non-treatment-seekers with alcohol use disorder","volume":"46","author":"Venegas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"2025082108181467800_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1189927","article-title":"An overview of alcohol and tobacco\/nicotine interactions in the human laboratory","volume":"43","author":"Verplaetse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"}],"container-title":["Alcohol and Alcoholism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article-pdf\/60\/5\/agaf052\/64100801\/agaf052.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article-pdf\/60\/5\/agaf052\/64100801\/agaf052.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T12:18:19Z","timestamp":1755778699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/alcalc\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/alcalc\/agaf052\/8239081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/alcalc\/agaf052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-0414","1464-3502"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-0414","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3502","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"article-number":"agaf052"}}