{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T06:03:50Z","timestamp":1771221830644,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Policies mandating posting of signs warning of the risks of alcohol consumption during pregnancy (MWS-alcohol-pregnancy) are common in the United States Previous research suggests these policies are ineffective and relate to increased adverse infant and maternal outcomes. Research about MWS-alcohol-pregnancy using quasi-experiments is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study uses Vital Statistics birth certificate data and commercial insurance claims data from Merative MarketScan\u00ae and policy data from NIAAA\u2019s Alcohol Policy Information System. We systematically selected a treatment (Texas) and comparison (Florida) state for a quasi-experimental examination of effects of an MWS-alcohol-pregnancy policy going into effect in 2007. Difference-in-difference models compared changes in birthweight, low-birthweight, and infant injuries consistent with maltreatment from pre- to post-policy change between the treatment and comparison state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean birthweight decreased 4.06\u00a0g more from pre- to post-periods in the treatment as compared to the comparison (average treatment effect on the treated [ATET] -4.06, 95% CI -7.02, \u22121.09) state. The difference in the pre- to post-policy change in low-birthweight in the treatment relative to the comparison state was not statistically significant (ATET .0\u00a0pp, 95% CI -.0, .0). The pre- to post-policy change in infant maltreatment was .5 percentage points greater in the treatment relative to the comparison state (ATET .5\u00a0pp, 95% CI .2, .8).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MWS-alcohol-pregnancy policy was associated with lower birthweight and more infant maltreatment. This study provides further evidence that MWS-alcohol-pregnancy policies are mostly ineffective and possibly harmful.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaf076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:59:21Z","timestamp":1762865961000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mandatory warning signs for alcohol use during pregnancy and birth and infant outcomes in southern United States: a quasi-experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Sarah C M","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences , 1330 Broadway, Suite 1100, Oakland, CA 94612 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Schulte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences , 1330 Broadway, Suite 1100, Oakland, CA 94612 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Raifman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences , 1330 Broadway, Suite 1100, Oakland, CA 94612 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences , 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Zaugg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences , 1330 Broadway, Suite 1100, Oakland, CA 94612 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1336-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meenakshi S","family":"Subbaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Health and Recovery Studies, Public Health Institute , 555 12th Street, Oakland, CA 94607"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021600120233600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2012.02.030","article-title":"Reducing prenatal smoking: The role of state policies","volume":"43","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2026021600120233600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199803000-00017","article-title":"What are the fetal growth patterns of singletons, twins, and triplets in the United States?","volume":"41","author":"Alexander","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026021600120233600_ref3","volume-title":"U.S. Tobacco Control Laws Database","author":"American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026021600120233600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559521990116","article-title":"Prenatal substance exposure and child maltreatment: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Austin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"2026021600120233600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1809.06505","volume-title":"Estimating Grouped Data Models with a Binary Dependent Variable and Fixed Effects: What Are the Issues","author":"Beck","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026021600120233600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agad056","article-title":"Pregnancy-specific alcohol policies and admissions to substance use disorder treatment for pregnant people in the USA","volume":"58","author":"Berglas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"2026021600120233600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2020.81.331","article-title":"The rise and fall of alcohol excise taxes in U.S. states, 1933-2018","volume":"81","author":"Blanchette","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"2026021600120233600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2021.82.445","article-title":"How do register-based studies contribute to our understanding of Alcohol's harms to family members? 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